Colonialsim Part 1

Question 1

What are the three official Groupings of Indigenous people recognized in the canadian constitution

Answer 1

First Nation
Metis
Inuit

Question 2

What Percentage of the aboriginal population in canada does first nations represent

Answer 2

Over 630 individual Communities, represents 61%

Question 3

What Percentage do metis represent

Answer 3

Approximately 32% of the total aboriginal population in canada

Question 4

How much do the inuit represent

Answer 4

Approximately 4%

Question 5

What Percentage of people in canada identify as aborginal/indigenous

Answer 5

1.67 Million around 5% of Canadian Population

Question 6

The Indigenous population is described as what in canada?

Answer 6

The fasted growing and youngest population in canada
Indigenous chidlren make up nearly 1/3rd of all indigeous population

Question 7

What are the three median ages of all three classifications of aborginal people

Answer 7

Inuit - 23
first nations- 26
Metis-31
Showing that the indigenous population is one of the youngest populations in canada.

Question 8

How would you describe indigenous peoples life expectancy compared to the average canadian?

Answer 8

I would describe it as lower than the average canadians
only 6% of indigenous peoples are older than 65, while nearly 15% of the canadian population are seniors

Question 9

Prior to Colonialism the indigenous had what

Answer 9

They had their own distinct cultures, languages, and ways of knowing and living in canada.

Question 10

What was the relationship like between european traders and the indigenous early on?

Answer 10

Early on in the relationship, european traders and indigenous were very beneficial to eachother.
They helped the european traders adjust to the new land and shared their knowledge and expertise.
in return the traders offered useful materials and goods like horses, guns, metal knives and kettles

Question 11

What does Settler Colonialism refer to?

Answer 11

when colonialists settle and established new communities on already inhabited lands, and displaced the natives already residing there

Question 12

How would you describe the Colonialism process when it comes to indigenous groups?

Answer 12

Its a process that systematically targets indigenous groups in ways that provide privilege to the european settlers who came to canada.

Question 13

How was that privilege attained by the european settlers?

Answer 13

It was attained through forced removal of indigenous throiugh genocide and assimilation.
they imposed their own cultural values, religions and laws.
made policies that do not favour the indigenous poples
and siezed the land and controlled access to resources and trade making indigenous popele become dependent on them.

Question 14

What is Eurocentric power

Answer 14

Through Eurocentric power is how settlers undermined indigenous knowledge and languages

Question 15

Is Colonialism an ongoing process?

Answer 15

Yes, systematic discrimination is imbedded into canadian laws. non indigenous canadians continue to benefit from the oppression of indigenous people to this day.

Question 16

What is Terra Nullius

Answer 16

It means Nobodies land that can be claimed if it was uninhabited.

Question 17

How is Terra Nullius related to the indigenous?

Answer 17

European settlers ignroed that fact that indigenous people had been living on this “nobodys” land for centuries

Question 18

Did settlers learn the indigenous names for landmarks or any such thing?

Answer 18

No, settlers refused to learn the indigneous names for such things and instead gave them their own names, symbolically rewriting history to exclude indigenous peoples contributions and presence

Question 19

What did Colonizers value the most and how did they view North America?

Answer 19

They valued Competitiion, individualism, and male superiority.
they viewed north america as a source of raw materials that could be owned and exploited for their gain

Question 20

What did The Indigenous Value? How did this cause them to be exploited?

Answer 20

They valued the collective more than the individual. viewed women as equal to men, and women were supported, honored, and respected for their roles as the givers of life. the indigenous did not regard the natural world as simply a resource to control or conquer.
because of this view, they were very welcoming to settlers seeing them as a community rather than competition. they didn’t see them as a threat until it was too late.

Question 21

Who Termed Genocide? and What does it mean?

Answer 21

Lemkin
Genocide means the intentional destruction of a culture.
It doesnt always have to mean killing or violence but rather a complete delegitimization of a culture.

Question 22

What were the results of Genocide in indigenous groups?

Answer 22

6 out of 10 indigenous died due to diseases, conflict, and murder

Question 23

What disease did Colonizers bring over that almost wiped out the whole indigenous population?

Answer 23

They brought over small pox which killed 90-95 percent of the indigenous population.

Question 24

The Eurocentric Ideologies viewed the indigenous as what? and themselves as?

Answer 24

they viewed them as lesser beings aka savages and white settlers as enlightened.
these ideologies were created to justify colonialism

Question 25

What is Infantilization? and What does it do?

Answer 25

Behaviour of treating adults as if they were children through demeaning practices.
it treats someone less than they are
it is a way to maintain power or gain control over someone
strips them of their autonomy to govern and control themselves
those who infantilize others believe they have a right or moral obligation to make decisions affecting everbody.

Question 26

When was the Indian Act passed, and what was its main goal?

Answer 26

Passed in 1876
its main goal was to force the first nations peoples to lose their culture and become like euro canadians

Question 27

Who did the Indian Act exclude?

Answer 27

it excludes the metis and the inuit

Question 28

What did the Indian Act mean for Indigenous peoples.

Answer 28

The act includes land use, healthcare, education etc on first nations reserves
it impacted reserves and bands and it defined who is and who is not recognized as indian status
it forced first nations children to attend residential schools and made it illegal to practice indigenous ceremonies.

Question 29

Whats the difference between indian and having indian status?

Answer 29

Not everyone who self identified as Aboriginal were considered status indians, in 2011 75% of all first nations people were registered.
only those who had indian status can receieve full legal benefits and restrictions of the act

Question 30

What is Indian Status?

Answer 30

A legal Ethnic identity in Canada that offers specific benefits and restrictions like tax emeption, fishing and hunting rights, health dental benefits.
restrictions included force attendance at residential schools and unable to practice ceremonies

Question 31

How were First Nations Indigenous stripped of their status?

Answer 31

They could lose access to certain benefits if
They marry a man who is not a status indian
enfranchisement
Being born out of wedlock to a mother with status and a father without.

Question 32

What is the 1969 white paper proposal? and how did the First Nations respond?

Answer 32

It was a proposal from trudeau to do away with Indian status. it was met with a lot of resistance?

some argued that status acknowledges the history and relationship between the crown and indigenous people and that it obligated the government to their commitments to them
some feared they would be assimilated without the protection of status.
other indigenous peoples argue that since indian was defined by someone who wasnt indian and is used to control them it should be abolished.

Question 33

How is the Indian Act sexist?

Answer 33

Ignores the Matrilineal (Mothers history) cultures of many first nations forced the patrileneal descent principle, so Descent from fathers side rather than mothers.

If a FN women married a non FN Satus men she and her children are denied indian status
was not the case for FN men marring non FN women

Question 34

What additonal Sexist policy was added in BILL C31 and how has it contributed to the high rates of violence against indigenous women.

Answer 34

Made it the mothers responsibility to refister the familys children for status and provide evdice as to who fathered the child
if the father was unwilling to acknowledge paternity, then the hcild was denied status, canada has still not amended these sexist rules
it has devalued women within indiegnous culture contributing to high rates of violecne against them.

Question 35

What was Canadas goal with the Indigenous and how did they attempt to do this?

Answer 35

Their goal was to assimilate indigenous into maintstream canadian society.
they did this through residential schools that were established in 1892.

Question 36

What did Residential Schools do? What was their manifest function?

Answer 36

Isolated Indigenous children from their families, kept them from their culture, kin networks, language and forced them to learn canadian christian culture
To educate and convert Indigenous youth and to assimilate them into canadian society.

Question 37

When did the first residential school open. and when did the last one close?

Answer 37

The first one opened in 1831 and the last one closed in 1996, there were about 132 schools across canada.

Question 38

What 4 things did Residential Schools do?

Answer 38

Isolate from family
Devaluation of culture
Stripped of Indigenous Identity- their hair was cute and were stripped of traditional clothes and given anglican names
Child labour- keeping children uneducated. when many left school they did not have the skills they needed to find a decent job.

Question 39

What are the Latent Dysfunctions of Residential Schools

Answer 39

Widespread abuse- physical, social psychological abuse to correct students for indigenous culture or speaking their native languages

Little to No education provided- more time was spent doing chores and the education given was in language that the children didnt speak

Deaths were common- Widespread disesase and influenza from overcrowding
lack of food
suicide and murder

Question 40

Are covered up deaths still being uncovered to this day?

Answer 40

Yes, there have been unofficial investigations into deaths at residential schools, official canadian statistics suggests only 3.2k deaths but the truth and reconciliation commision has found evidence of more than 6000 tdeaths and suspect it is closer to 10k

Question 41

Were residential schools a form of Cultural Genocide? what does being between two worlds mean.

Answer 41

Yes, they have officially been recognized as such.
Helped to destroy the transmissoin of cultural and familial knowledge
many survivors report feeling that they are neither indigenous nor canadian
between two worlds

Question 42

When was the TRC established and what was their intention

Answer 42

the trc was established in 08 to document the history and lasting impacts of the canadian residential school system on indigenous students who attended, their familes and their communities.

Question 43

What were the undeniable concludions about they system of residential schools that the trc came to?

Answer 43

Government failed to set goals and standards of education at these schools

The Curriculum was elementary level, and reflected the racist belief that indigenous were inferior.

Government did not implement a policy regarding teacher qualification

Teaching staff was underqualified, overworked and poorly paid

The curriculum was highly irreleveant to the students needs, experiences or interests.

students left without the skills they needed to succeed in their home or in the labour market. many left without completing their education.

Question 44

When were apologies issued and by who?

Answer 44

in 2008 by stephen harper and in 2017 by Justin trudeau.

Question 45

What is the 60s Scoop

Answer 45

Thousands of indigenous kids were taken from their families and put into the welfare system without the consent of their familes.
Indigenous children were not allowed to be adopted by other indigenous familes, forced to live with non indigenous familes.
replaced the complusory residential school system.
purpose was to assimilate indigenous children into canadian society.

Question 46

Why were indigenous parents deemed unfit and had their children removed from them?

Answer 46

A lot of the parents were survivors of residential schools and as a cause many experienced poverty and unemployment, as well as mental health challenges as a result of the trauma thus they were deemed unfit parents.