College 5 Flashcards
What are 3 important components of emotion?
- Physiological arousal
- Expression
- Subjective feeling
What are 3 models based on the components of emotions, and what do they say?
- James-Lange theory: physiology drives other processes
- Cannon: cognitions drive other processes
- Strack: expression drives other processes (controversial)
What are some overarching dimensions of emotion? (3)
- Valence: positive/negative coloring of emotions (also termed: pleasure)
- Arousal: activity level, sleepy to hyper-energetic
- Dominance/ relaxation: lesser used, soort intensiteit level
What does Russell’s dimensional model provide?
A two-dimensional space for all emotions. It is a strong simplification but provides an organization tool for feelings. x-axis is valence, y-axis is arousal
Waar hangt de set basisemoties die een onderzoeker kiest van af? (4)
- Relation to action readiness/motivation
- ‘Hardwired’ or unlearned
- Universality between cultures
- Separability in brain signals
What does the comparative perspective entail? And from what components is it built? (4)
It compares animals to humans to deduce which emotions are the basic emotions
1. Survival advantage of various emotions
2. Emotions are ‘hardwired’ in the mammalian brain
3. Increasing knowledge on complex emotional processing in non-human animals (non-mammals)
4. Implications for ethical treatment of animals
What is the classic notion of motivation?
Maintaining homeostasis
What is a more recent notion of motivation? And what is it informed by? (4)
A behavioral drive. Informed by:
1. Survival needs
2. Predicted reward
3. Emotions
4. Instinct to explore
How does reward function as a motivator?
It works as an incentive salience: somthing is meaningful because it is gonna give a reward –> instigates behavior
What is the pleasure cycle?
appetitive –> consummatory –> satiety. It plays a big role in addiction
What does the expectancy theory of motivation entail?
What we do is influenced by the expectancy of what we will get out of it, influences the effort we put into it.
What does the self-determination theory entail?
The influences of different kinds of motivation (amotivation, extrinsic, intrinsic) on the regulatory processes that follow
What types of reward are there? (3)
- Primary reward –> rewards with a survival advantage (food, sex, etc)
- Secondary rewards –> rewards that provide access to primary rewards (money, status, popularity, etc)
- Some unclear rewards –> why do we enjoy art and music so much?
Where is emotion largely situated?
The cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex
Where is arousal processed?
In the brain stem
What is the amygdala involved in?
- Emotional responses
- Emotional coloring of learning and memory (zie ook: hippocampus)
- Decision-making
How do the dopamine pathways run?
From the ventral tegmental area (VTA) through either:
the Mesolimpic pathway that leads to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or
the Mesocortical pathways that leads to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and NAc
What are the inputs and outputs of the Nucleus Accumbens?
Inputs: VTA, but also prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamic nuclei
Output: mainly in the pallidum
Why is the integration of emotional and cognitive systems so important?
Many cognitive functions are modified by emotion or reward values
What is the connection between emotion and memory?
Highly charged emotional events also have a high retention, but strong negative emotions can also negatively impact explicit memory retention (PTSD)
What is the connection between emotion and attention?
More emotionally salient stimuli will be better perceived and are harder to ignore
What is the core function of reward?
It appears to be learning. Perceived result in pleasant or unpleasant stimuli drives approach/avoidance behavior. Expected reward increases performance, but also creates stress through loss aversion
What disorders in motivation and reward can there be? (3)
- Avolition/ apathy: underproduction of speech, movement and emotional response. Lack of initiation
- Anhedonia: lack of pleasure, core symptom in mood disorders
- Impulse control disorders: can be seen in addiction or obsity
