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Neurocognition > College 4 > Flashcards

College 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is selective attention?

A

The process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment

Wat relevant is verschilt per persoon

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2
Q

Wat is sustained attention?

A

Being able to keep your focus on a task for a longer time

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3
Q

Wat is divided attention

A

Ability to divide attention over multiple tasks

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4
Q

Wat is de attention span?

A

Amount of (visual) elements that can be processed in parallel

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5
Q

Wat is het verschil tussen top-down en bottom-up processing?

A

Top-down is bewust, heb je controle over en is vaak task-related
Bottom-up is automatisch en wordt gedreven door stimulus characteristics (bijvoorbeeld visual salience)

Niet alles is met top-down/ bottom-up te verklaren

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6
Q

Wat is visual salience?

A

De color intensity, orientation (wat salient is, hangt af van de context waarin een item is)

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7
Q

Hoelang duurt het effect van visual salience?

A

Ongeveer 200 ms, gebeurt alleen bij snelle reactietijd

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8
Q

Wat is een saccade?

A

A quick movement of both eyes aimed at foveating something

foveating= to bring into the fovea

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9
Q

Wat is een fixation?

A

Fixing of the eyes on something in our visual field

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10
Q

Met welke taak wordt sustained attention gemeten?

A

Met de Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART)

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11
Q

Wat is attentional flexibility?

A

The ability to shift attention between different objects or tasks

Denk aan de TMT-B (alfabet/nummers lijnen trekken)

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12
Q

Wat zijn de switching costs in attentional flexibility?

A

Increases reaction time and decrease in accuracy after a switch

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13
Q

What is smooth pursuit?

A

The tracking of a moving object with the eyes/ fixing the eyes on a stationary item suring self motion

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14
Q

What is the Yerkes Dodson Law?

A

the simpler the task (saaier), the higher the optimal arousal leven

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15
Q

What is the inhibition of return? At which age is this found?

A

Inhibition of returning your gaze to a location where you have already looked. It is found in infants from 6 to 26 weeks

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16
Q

Uit welke regions bestaat het frontal attention network? (6)

A

De inferior parietal sulcus (IPS), superior parietal lobule (SPL), postcentral sulcus (poCes), PrCes, precentral sulcus (PrCes) and superior frontal sulcus (SFs)

17
Q

Wat is the frontal attention network associated with? (3)

A
  1. Visual attention
  2. Directing attention
  3. Related to top-down attention
18
Q

Welke regions zijn associated met de ventral attention network? (1)

A

Temporoparietal junction

19
Q

Met welke functies is het ventral attention network geassocieerd? (4)

A
  1. Target detection
  2. Stimulus-driven
  3. Reorienting attention towards salient stimuli
  4. Related to bottom-up attention
20
Q

Wanneer hebben value en visual salience het meeste effect op choise behavior?

A

Wanneer er niet al een sterke preference is.

21
Q

What is binocular rivalry?

A

When perception switches between two images presented to the two eyes (bijv een bril met 2 kleuren glazen)

22
Q

What disorders of attention can there be? (5)

A
  1. Developmental attention disorders
  2. Attention deficits due to focal lesions and hemorrhage
  3. Attention deficits following head injury
  4. Dementias
  5. Attention deficits in psychiatric patients
23
Q

What problems exist in ADHD?

A

Problems with sustained attention; children can start avoiding tasks that require sustained effort
Difficulties attention to relevant cues and maintaining attention for prolonged periods of time

24
Q

What types of cerebrovascular accidents can occur? And what does it entail?

A
  1. Hemorrhage –> a burst of a blood vessel in the brain
  2. Ischemic infarct: obstruction of an artery
  3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA) : soort van 2, maar dan kan de bloedprop bewegen
25
Q

What infarct subtypes are there? (3)

A
  1. Embolic infarct in a major cerebral artery
  2. Lacunar infarct in one of the smaller penetrating arteries
  3. Water-shed infarct due to low perfusion pressure in an artery, leading to insufficient blood supply in regions that are furthest away
26
Q

What cognitive effects can infarcts have?

A

All:Motor weakness
1. Embolic infarct: perceptual, and/or cognitive deficits
2. Water-shed infarct: language problems
3. Lacunar infarct: decrease in attentional functioning

Symptoms can vary depending on the location, size and type

27
Q

What subtypes of hemorrhage are there?

A
  1. Subarachnoidal hemorrhage (in the protective layers around the brain)
  2. Intracerebral hemorrhage (burst of blood vessel)
28
Q

What are the three pathological behavior patterns of Balint’s syndrome?

A
  1. Ocular apraxia: difficulty fixating an object
  2. Optic ataxia: difficulty pointing towards and grasping an object
  3. Simultanagnosia: inability to simultaneously perceive different aspects of a scene

Neurocognition (8 decks)

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