College 4: Emotion, motivation, and reward Flashcards
Emotion Historical context 1. Plato & Aristotle 2. Descartes 3. Darwin
- Plato & Aristotle = started to separate emotion, cognition, and motivation
- Descartes = made de body-mind connection (bodily fluids)
- Darwin = nature/nurture influences
Emotion
Which 3 model types do you have of emotion?
- Components
- Overarching dimensions
- Discrete systems
Emotion
Components model: what works together in this model? (4x)
Physiological, subjective, cognitive parts & expression
Emotion
Which 3 theories includes the components model and what is their meaning? (3x)
- James-Lange theory = physiology drives other processes
- Cannon = cognitions drive other processes
- Strack = expression drives other processes
Emotion
What are 4 overarching dimensions of emotions?
- Valence = positive/negative coloring of emotions
- Arousal = activity level
- Dominance/submission
- Relaxation/attention
Emotion
What is the discrete system model?
A categorical approach like a set of basic emotions
Emotion
Which perspective does include the discrete system model?
Panksepp’s comparative perspective = focuses on the survival advantage of emotions and what is “hardwired” in the brain. He looks for parallel systems in all mammals.
What is the core concept of motivation?
Maintaining homeostasis (food&fluid intake + temperature regulation). More recent also about mental states.
What is the core concept of reward?
A pleasure response gives us value to an experience, and is the mechanism of reinformcement of behavior that is needed for survival
What is the definition for “reward functions as a motivator -> you want to do it again”
Incentive salience
Motivation & reward
What are 3 models of motivation & reward?
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs = pyramide with first physiological needs, safety & security, belongings & love, self-esteem & status, self-actualization
- Expectancy theory of motivation
- Self-determination theory
Models of motivation & reward
Which 3 elements are included in the ‘expectancy theory of motivation’?
- Expectancy = perceived probability that effort will lead to good performance
- Instrumentality = perceived probability that good performance leads to desired outcomes
- Valence = value of the predicted outcomes to the individual (motivation)
Models of motivation & reward
Which distinction is made in the self-determination theory?
- Intrinsic motivation = drive that is motivated by pleasure (direct reward)
- Extrinsic motivation = drive that is motivated by an expected reward or avoidence of punishment (indirect reward)
What is the musical reward theory?
Music affects us because there is some balance between predictable and unpredictable auditory patterns -> too predictable is boring, too unpredictable is too jarring.
Emotion leads to activation in … (3x)
mostly subcortical structures, but also some cortical areas like the cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
Where is arousal regulated?
In the brain stem (energy, sleep/wake cycle)
What are 2 hemispheric differences in valence processing (emotion)?
- more activation right (global) than left (more precise)
2. right activation more negative and left more positive emotions
The core of emotional processing happens in the …
Limbic system, important for stress and fight-flight responses
What areas are included in the Papaz circuit?
Hippocampus - hypothalamus - anterior nuclei of thalamus - cingulate cortex
Neocortex
What area is involved in emotional (negative) responses, emotional coloring of learning and memory, and decision-making?
Amygdala
Neurobiology of motivation
Which 2 dopamine pathways do you have? (reward prediction)
- Mesolimbic pathway = from VTA to Nucleus Accumbens (NAc)
2. Mesocortical pathway = from VTA to orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) & NAc
Neurobiology of motivation
What is the Nucleus Accumbens?
- Part of?
- Onward projections to?
- Part of the basal ganglia (ventral striatum)
- Onward projections go to the palladium (main output) and thalamus all the way to the prefrontal cortex -> this is already the actual pleasure response
Neurobiology of reward
Which area receives signals from limbic areas and dopamine pathways?
The frontal cortical areas -> here it’s no longer a dopamine system, but inhibitory & excititory systems of GABA & glutamate based connections
Neurobiology of reward
Music reward (chills) -> what activation is seen in preceeding chills and what activation while during?
- Preceeding = caudate activation
- During = ventral striatum / NAc activation
