College 3: Memory

Question 1

What is the model of Atkinson & Shiffrin?

Answer 1

They proposed the first formal theory where working memory serves as a bridge between the outside world and the LTM. It reflects it as a serial process and indicates that if you maintain it, it’s been stored -> not true.

Question 2

What is the model of Baddeley & Hitch?

Answer 2

They introduced attentional control as an important factor and suggested that there may be dual pathways.

Question 3

What is the phonological similarity effect?

Answer 3

It’s harder to memorize words that sound similar.

Question 4

What are 2 reasons to explain rapid forgetting?

Answer 4

1. Time goes by

2. Multiple things in our memory compete with each other

Question 5

What is semantic memory?

Answer 5

Facts, things you learned in school

Question 6

What is episodic memory?

Answer 6

Events, things you have experienced

Question 7

What is priming?

Answer 7

If you’re asked to say a type of fruit and see an orange color, you’re more likely to say an orange.

Question 8

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 8

A conditioned stimulate can create a conditioned response.

Question 9

What is non-associative learning?

Answer 9

You can habituate to certain situations if you’re exposed with it for a longer time.

Question 10

What is non-episodic autobiographical memory?

Answer 10

Remembering your own experiences, only not related to specific events, but more factual information about you as a person.

Question 11

What is episodic autobiographical memory? (emotional vs. non-emotional)

Answer 11

Emotional (reliving) = “I had this horrible argument with this person”
Non-emotional (re-experiencing) = “I went to that school”

Question 12

What is prospective memory?

Answer 12

“Looking forward”, the ability to execute delayed intentions

Question 13

Do we see more long term impairment or working memory impairment?

Answer 13

More long term impairment

Question 14

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 14

Impaired retrieval of old memories

Question 15

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 15

Impaired formation of new memories

Question 16

What happens with Korsakoff’s syndrome?

• What causes it?
• What is damaged? (3x)
• What type of memory impairment?

Answer 16

• Cause: excessive alcohol consumption leads to malnutrition and so vitamin B1 deficiency > damages the brain
• Damaged: thalamus, cingulate cortex, hippocampus
• Type: profound (retrograde) amnesia of contextual memory

Question 17

What is contextual memory?

Answer 17

A form of episodic memory where the context is especially relevant, you have to bind an episode to spatial information.

Question 18

Which areas are relevant in contextual memory? (4x)

Answer 18

1. Perirhinal cortex = object information
2. Parahippocampal gyrus = spatial information
3. Hippocampus = storage
4. Hippocampal - diencephalic circuitry = formation of new memories

(Entorhinal cortex = binding part)

Question 19

Which areas are involved with which kind of memory?

1. Episodic/semantic memory
2. Procedural memory (skills/habits)
3. Priming
4. Classical conditioning
5. Habituation/sensitization

Answer 19

1. Episodic/semantic memory = medial temporal lobe + diencephalon
2. Procedural memory (skills/habits) = basal ganglia
3. Priming = neocortex
4. Classical conditioning = amygdala + cerebellum
5. Habituation/sensitizatization = reflex pathways

Question 20

Who’s model is this?

They proposed the first formal theory where working memory serves as a bridge between the outside world and the LTM. It reflects it as a serial process and indicates that if you maintain it, it’s been stored -> not true.

Answer 20

Atkinson & Shiffrin