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Neurocognition > College 1: Development > Flashcards

College 1: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

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2
Q

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent

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3
Q

What 2 phases are happening when an action potential reaches the threshold?

A

Depolarization and repolarisation

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4
Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Structural support, blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Created myelin sheets for CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Do waste disposal and fight infections

A

Microglial cells

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7
Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Are lining the ventricles, creating CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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8
Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Created myelin sheets for PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Connecting areas within a hemisphere’

A

Association fibers

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10
Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Crossing hempispheres’

A

Commissural fibers

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11
Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Connect outward, from cortex to subcortical regions, cerebellum or the spinal cord’

A

Projection fibers

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12
Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘Has a lot of cross-hemipsheric connections for motor control’

A

Pons

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13
Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘The connective part between spinal cord and brainstem, contributes to vital reflexes’

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘Automated movements, balance, cognitive functions (time keeping)’

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain
What structure is this?
‘Contribute to sensory processing’

A

Superior/Inferior colliculi

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16
Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain
What structure is this?
‘Contribute to movement initiation’

A

Substantia nigra

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17
Q

What structures are in the diencephalon? (3x)

A

Hypothalamus - Pituitary gland (hypofyse) - Thalamus

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18
Q

Telencephalon/forebrain (subcortical)
What structure is this?
‘emotion/stress/fight-flight, it wraps around the basal ganglia -> hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus’

A

Limbic system

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19
Q

Telencephalon/forebrain (subcortical)

Basal ganglia: which 5 structures?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

20
Q

Where runs CSF through? (2x)

A

Subarachnoid space & venous sinus

21
Q

Where is CSF created? (3x)

A

It is created in the lateral ventricles -> in the choroid plexus & ependymal cells

22
Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘Based on similarities in a histological level’

A

Broddman areas

23
Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘Only assumes 1 function per area’

A

Functional names

24
Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘How areas are related to each other’

A

Relative locations

25
Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘Coordinate systems’ > and which coordinates?

A

Talairach coordinate system
z (top-bottom)
y (front-back)
x (side-side)

26
Q

Directional planes:

Axial, saggital, coronal plane

A 
Axial = horizontal
Saggital = looking from the sides
Coronal = looking from frontal or back
27
Q

What definition is this?
‘Some areas aren’t able to grow new neurons’
And which areas are this for example? (4x)

A

Neurogenesis

Hippocampus - Striatum - Limbic regions - Neocortex

28
Q

Which areas are more sensitive to brain structure changes with healthy aging? (3x)

A

Temporal lobes, subcortical areas, hippocampus

29
Q

What definition is this?

‘Differences in brain structure (size, neuron count)’

A

Brain reserve

30
Q

What definition is this?

‘Differences in brain function (efficiency, flexibility)

A

Cognitive reserve

31
Q

What theory is this?

‘Training/experiencing contributes to compensatory mechanisms rather than restoring functions’

A

Scaffolding theory

32
Q

Which 3 types of interneurons are there?

A

Stellate
Pyramidal
Purkinje

33
Q

Hindbrain consists of …

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Origin of cranial nerves V-XII

34
Q

Midbrain consists of …

A

Inferior/superior colliculi
Substantia nigra
Origin of cranial nerves II-IV

35
Q

Diencephalon consists of …

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituary gland

36
Q

Telencephalon consists of …

A

Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Lobes

37
Q

Which lobes show reduced activity and which show stronger activity across age?

A

Reduced occipital activity & stronger parietal and prefrontal activity

38
Q
  1. Longitudinal fissure
  2. Central sulcus
  3. Lateral fissure
  4. Superior temporal gyrus
A
  1. Longitudinal fissure = separating the hemishperes
  2. Central sulcus = separating frontal from parietal lobe (also called Rolandic fissure)
  3. Lateral fissure = separating frontal from parietal lobe (also called Sylvian fissure)
  4. Superior temporal gyrus = also called Heschl’s gyrus
39
Q

Brain layers, from outside to inside

A

Dura mater - Arachnoid with subarachnoid space - Pia mater

40
Q

Anatomy of (lateral) ventricles

A

Lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - aquaduct - 4rd ventricle - central canal

Anterior horn - body - posterior horn - inferior horn

41
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. For example, when you hear music, but you see shapes; or you hear a word and instantly see a color.Synesthetic perception results from increased cross-talk between neural areas.

42
Q

What is thought to be the ‘blackboard’ for the competing senses?

A

Extended reticular-thalamic system (ERTAS)

43
Q

Function of the pons?

A

‘Has a lot of cross-hemipsheric connections for motor control’

44
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata?

A

‘The connective part between spinal cord and brainstem, contributes to vital reflexes’

45
Q

Function of the cerebellum?

A

‘Automated movements, balance, cognitive functions (time keeping)’

46
Q

Function of the inferior/superior colliculi?

A

‘Contribute to sensory processing’

47
Q

Function of the substantia nigra?

A

‘Contribute to movement initiation’

Neurocognition (9 decks)

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