College 1: Development Flashcards by Mariska van Liere

Q

Are sensory neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent

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Q

Are motor neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent

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Q

What 2 phases are happening when an action potential reaches the threshold?

A

Depolarization and repolarisation

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Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Structural support, blood-brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Created myelin sheets for CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Do waste disposal and fight infections

A

Microglial cells

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Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Are lining the ventricles, creating CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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Q

What type of glia cell is this?

Created myelin sheets for PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

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Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Connecting areas within a hemisphere’

A

Association fibers

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Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Crossing hempispheres’

A

Commissural fibers

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Q

Which white matter tract is this? … fibers

‘Connect outward, from cortex to subcortical regions, cerebellum or the spinal cord’

A

Projection fibers

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Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘Has a lot of cross-hemipsheric connections for motor control’

A

Pons

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Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘The connective part between spinal cord and brainstem, contributes to vital reflexes’

A

Medulla oblongata

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Q

Metencephalon/hindbrain
What structure is this?
‘Automated movements, balance, cognitive functions (time keeping)’

A

Cerebellum

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Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain
What structure is this?
‘Contribute to sensory processing’

A

Superior/Inferior colliculi

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Q

Mesencephalon/midbrain
What structure is this?
‘Contribute to movement initiation’

A

Substantia nigra

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Q

What structures are in the diencephalon? (3x)

A

Hypothalamus - Pituitary gland (hypofyse) - Thalamus

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Q

Telencephalon/forebrain (subcortical)
What structure is this?
‘emotion/stress/fight-flight, it wraps around the basal ganglia -> hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus’

A

Limbic system

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Q

Telencephalon/forebrain (subcortical)

Basal ganglia: which 5 structures?

A

Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Q

Where runs CSF through? (2x)

A

Subarachnoid space & venous sinus

Q

Where is CSF created? (3x)

A

It is created in the lateral ventricles -> in the choroid plexus & ependymal cells

Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘Based on similarities in a histological level’

A

Broddman areas

Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘Only assumes 1 function per area’

A

Functional names

Q

Naming conventions, which one is this one?

‘How areas are related to each other’

A

Relative locations

Naming conventions, which one is this one? | 'Coordinate systems' > and which coordinates?

Talairach coordinate system z (top-bottom) y (front-back) x (side-side)

Directional planes: | Axial, saggital, coronal plane

``` Axial = horizontal Saggital = looking from the sides Coronal = looking from frontal or back ```

What definition is this? 'Some areas aren't able to grow new neurons' And which areas are this for example? (4x)

Neurogenesis Hippocampus - Striatum - Limbic regions - Neocortex

Which areas are more sensitive to brain structure changes with healthy aging? (3x)

Temporal lobes, subcortical areas, hippocampus

What definition is this? | 'Differences in brain structure (size, neuron count)'

Brain reserve

What definition is this? | 'Differences in brain function (efficiency, flexibility)

Cognitive reserve

What theory is this? | 'Training/experiencing contributes to compensatory mechanisms rather than restoring functions'

Scaffolding theory

Which 3 types of interneurons are there?

Stellate Pyramidal Purkinje

Hindbrain consists of ...

Medulla oblongata Pons Cerebellum Origin of cranial nerves V-XII

Midbrain consists of ...

Inferior/superior colliculi Substantia nigra Origin of cranial nerves II-IV

Diencephalon consists of ...

Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituary gland

Telencephalon consists of ...

Basal ganglia Limbic system Lobes

Which lobes show reduced activity and which show stronger activity across age?

Reduced occipital activity & stronger parietal and prefrontal activity

1. Longitudinal fissure 2. Central sulcus 3. Lateral fissure 4. Superior temporal gyrus

1. Longitudinal fissure = separating the hemishperes 2. Central sulcus = separating frontal from parietal lobe (also called Rolandic fissure) 3. Lateral fissure = separating frontal from parietal lobe (also called Sylvian fissure) 4. Superior temporal gyrus = also called Heschl's gyrus

Brain layers, from outside to inside

Dura mater - Arachnoid with subarachnoid space - Pia mater

Anatomy of (lateral) ventricles

Lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - aquaduct - 4rd ventricle - central canal Anterior horn - body - posterior horn - inferior horn

What is synesthesia?

is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. For example, when you hear music, but you see shapes; or you hear a word and instantly see a color. Synesthetic perception results from increased cross-talk between neural areas.

What is thought to be the ‘blackboard’ for the competing senses?

Extended reticular-thalamic system (ERTAS)

Function of the pons?

'Has a lot of cross-hemipsheric connections for motor control'

Function of the medulla oblongata?

'The connective part between spinal cord and brainstem, contributes to vital reflexes'

Function of the cerebellum?

'Automated movements, balance, cognitive functions (time keeping)'

Function of the inferior/superior colliculi?

'Contribute to sensory processing'

Function of the substantia nigra?

'Contribute to movement initiation'