College 1.3: Personality Flashcards
What is the definition of personality?
A unique combination of psychological characteristics (cognitions, feelings, behaviors) that are relatively stable over time
What is a personality trait?
Any distinguishable relatively enduring way in which one individual varies from another
- Situation takes a role in how personality is attributed
What are The Big Five?
Openness to experience Neuroticism Agreeableness Extraversion Conscentiousness
What can be said about the stableness of traits?
- Relatively stable over time, with a peak of stability at 50
- Low stability over different situations > person-situation interaction
What are personality states?
Situation specific, temporary predisposition
What are personality types?
Descriptions of peoples constellation of traits
What is a opmerking die geplaatst kan worden over personality types?
It’s a simplification of reality to devide people into types. People can’t always be put in boxes
What does COTAN check?
Validity
Reliability
Norms
What is predictive validity?
Does the questionnaire predict the construct?
What is discriminant validity?
Do the results of the questionnaire correlate with the results of another questionnaire? That both measure something different.
What is face validity?
Does the test-taker know what the test measures or predicts?
What is convergent validity?
Do the results of two tests that measure the same, correlate?
What is test-retest reliabilty?
Do different measurements give the same results? Only handy with personality traits that stay the same over time.
What is inter-rater reliability?
- Plays a role in observation
- Are the observations of different assessors the same?
What is Cronbach’s alpha?
Used in research, do the test-items correlate?
What can you say about the relationship between reliability and validity?
High reliability is a condition for high validity
What’s important for Norms?
- Relevance
- Representativeness
- Size
- Actuality
What’s important with selection of assessment instruments?
- Is the goal in accordance?
- Psychometric qualities
- Psychometric research
- Instructions for test use?
- Always stay critical!
What are projective tests?
Responses on unstructured stimuli, assessor draws interferences about personality.
Scoring is complex!
What are different techniques of projective tests?
- Association methods: sch as Rorschach
- Constructive methods: such as TAT
- Completion methods: complete a sentence, such as SCT
- Choice/ordering methods: such as Szondi-test
- Expressive methods: such as figure drawing
What are good things about projective tests?
- Less appeal on reading skills
- Implicit processes
- Less appeal on self-insight
- Less faking?
What are bad things about projective tests?
- Little is known about reliability
- Scoring is hard
- Less standardization
- Validity is unclear
- Impact of test leader or situation
What is a nomothetic vs idiographic approach?
Nomothetic: measuring everyone on the same dimensions
Idiographic: a unique compasition within a person
Normative vs ipsative?
Normative: differences between persons
Ipsative: differences in one person
What is good about questionnaires?
- Standardization adminstering and scoring
- Norms
- Research on validity and reliability
What is bad about questionnaires?
- Language/translation
- Norm group choice
- People are inclined to answer in a certain way: faking
- Response bias
What are different response styles?
- Acquiescence: the tendency to agree to questions
- Careless responding: giving random responses
- Extreme responding: Only 1 or 5 and no middle scores
- Cautious responding: only middle scores and no 1 or 5
- Social desirability: responding the way you expect someone wants you to respond
- Faking: deliberaty responding with answers that are fake
What is good about observation?
- Rating systems
- Recordd behavioral stremgths/weaknesses and patterns
- Less faking
- Context specific
What is bad about observation?
- Costs and time
- How to evaluate? trait or state?
- Reactivity: people act different if they know they’re being watched
- Observer bias
