College 1.1: Introduction & Decision-making Flashcards
What is psychological assessment?
Collection and integration of psychological data in order to make a diagnosis in the field of psychology, using tools such as tests, interviews, observation, and specifically designed equipment.
What is physiognomy?
An early form of psychological testing based on the notion that we can judge the inner character of people from their outward appearance, especially the face.
What is phrenology?
Based on physiognomy, where the ‘bumps’ in peoples’ heads are read and could say something about personality.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
And what is a solution?
The tendency to overestimate the influence of dispositions (traits) and to underestimate the influence of situational factors (states, reaction to situation).
Pay attention to circumstances
What is the confirmation bias?
And what is a solution?
Only search for and pay attention to info that is consistent with one’s own conclusion; ignore or selectively interpret hypotheses, beliefs and conflicting info.
Actively look for info that conflicts with conclusions, beliefs
What is the salience effect?
And what is a possible solution?
Giving more weight to striking info than non-striking info, when drawing conclusions
Objective measurements, awareness
What is the contrast error?
And what is a solution?
General tendency to judge others in a manner opposite from the way in which one perceives herself, or a previous client due to a perceived difference between self and others or between clients/
Objective measurements, awareness
What is illusory correlation?
What is solution?
Perceive links between tests and own conclusion, which do not exist empirically.
Scientific approach
What is blind spot bias?
The tendency to see oneself as less biased than other people and to be less able to recognize biases in oneself than in others.
Awareness, scientific approach.
What are 7 possible solutions for biases?
- Awareness of the limitations of clinical judgement.
- Include circumstances.
- Think about verification and falsification.
- Take specific instruments that are as reliabele and valid as possible.
- Think about whether 1 instrument is sufficient.
- Stay critical.
- Follow hypothesis testing model
What are the parts of the empirical cycle, in correct order?
- Observation
- Induction
- Deduction
- Testing
- Evaluation
What are similarities in the diagnostic process and empirical cycle?
You go through all the stages of the empirical cycle in the diagnostic process.
What are reasons to stop the diagnostic process and when should you do this?
Reasons:
- Niet genoeg expertise
- Geen psychologisch probleem
- Geen vertrouwen (van cliënt) in het proces
- Slechte werkrelatie
Before you start the diagnostic scenario + tests
What are the 5 basic questions and examples of them?
- Recognition: what’s going on?
- Explanation: why do the problems exist and what perpetuates them?
- Prediction: development of problem behavior in the future?
- Indication (for treatment): what help is needed and appropriate?
- Evaluation: result of psychological assessment?
What is synchronous and diachronus?
Something to think about when asking explanation-questions.
Synchronous is stuff happening here and now.
Diachronus is what happened before (e.g. youth)
