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cold war 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what occurred in 1958?

A

-3 million East Germans moved to West Germany
-refugee problem

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2
Q

what were the consequences of the refugee problem?

A

-an embarrassment for Soviet Union
-people openly choosing capitalism > communism

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3
Q

how did Khrushchev respond to refugee problem?

A

November
-Khrushchev demanded that Western troops removed from East Berlin
-Berlin should become a free city- he gave them 6 months and threatened to take over all transport routes
-this was the Berlin Ultinatum

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4
Q

what happened despite the Berlin Ultimatum that caused the Berlin Wall?

A

-August 1961
-on one day there was 40,000 refugees
-the relationship between USSR and USA was weak

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5
Q

describe the event of the Berlin Wall

A

-12th August 1961
-Khrushchev ordered the building of the Berlin Wall
-first it was a barbed wire fence as they built the concrete
—it was 165km around the city
-b y October 1961 it was built

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6
Q

what were the consequences of the Berlin Wall?

A

-130 people killed trying to cross the wall
-friends and families divided
-west berlin fire service helped east germans escap

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7
Q

what was geneva summit meeting?

A

spoke about berlin and nothing agreed

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8
Q

what was camp david september?

A

Eisenhower and Khrushchev got along, Khrushchev agreed for no more Berlin Ultimatum terms and it displayed y they had a better relationship

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9
Q

what was paris meeting?

A

Pairs May 1960 Soviets just shot down the US spy plane, Eisenhower refused to apologise, Khrushchev walked out of the summit

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10
Q

what was vienna june?

A

Vienna June 1961, JFK was president and Khrushchev did not trust him, Berlin Ultimatum terms back on, weakened relationship

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11
Q

describe JFK’s visit to Berlin in June 1963

A

-he was treated like a rockstar
-“Ich Bin Erin Berliner”
-gained a good reputation, said a wall was better than a war

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12
Q

What caused the Cuban Revolution?

A

1959- a group in Cuba brought down government who supported America

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13
Q

what was the cuban revolutions impact on the cold war

A

-any land owned by the US in Cuba was put back under Cuban Control
-Castro puts communists in government
-1960 Khrushchev and Castro agreed to trade Cuban sugar for economic aid
-Secret agreement that Cuba would receive USSR weapons

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14
Q

what were the consequences of the cuban revolution

A

-a communist government was now only 145 miles away from USA
-Eisenhower banned all trade and political relationships with Cuba in 1961

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15
Q

Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion.

A

-April 1961
-1400 ex cuban exiled invaded Bay Of Pigs
-aimed to remove Castro and communist government
Failed:
-had limited military knowledge
-USA couldn’t supoort
-Castro was prepared 20,000 Cuban Soldiers prior to the attack

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16
Q

what were the consequences of the Bay Of Pigs

A

-USA humiliated (Castro showed photos all over the world)
-looked like the US wanted to invade
-increased popularity of communism
-khrushchev gave Cuba more weapons

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17
Q

What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

A

-1961 US spy planes photograph launch pads in Cuba
-CIA told Kennedy that Soviet ship were sailing to Cuba with missiles

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18
Q

what were the consequences of what was found

A

missiles would be active in 2 weeks, US putting a lot of pressure on Kennedy

19
Q

what were the consequences of the cuban missile crisis

A

-war was avoided, Kennedy was loved in the US
-a hotline was set up between Moscow and Washington set up
-1953 Test Ban Treaty (stop testing nuclear weapons)
-1967 Outer Space Treaty (not use nuclear weapons in space)
-Khrushchev sacked 1964

20
Q

what was the state of Czechoslovakia in?

A

-few goods, fuel, poor economy, no freedom of speech, poor standard of living, opposed Soviet Control

21
Q

what was introduced to Czechoslovakia during this?

A

-new leader: Dubcek who said “socialism with a human face”
-wanted to stay in Warsaw Pact but still improve living

22
Q

what reforms did Dubcek make? (prague spring)

A

1968 April:
-less censorship
-trade unions allowed
-travel freedom
-government control of land and industry relaxed

23
Q

how did Brezhnev respond to Prague Spring?

A

-ordered his western troops to carry out military practice outside Czechoslovakia

24
Q

when did Warsaw troops invade Prague and what happened?

A

-20th August 1968
-500,000 troops invaded and stopped Prague Spring
-Dubcek arrested and replaced

25
Q

what were the consequences of the Prague Spring

A

-Brezhnev Doctrine 1968
-if any communist country attempted freedom warsaw troops would be sent in
-USA made public protest, showed that the US wouldn’t actually act against USSR
-communist parties in France and Italy cut links with USSR

26
Q

Why did Detente happen?

A

-American public against Vietnam war
-over 6000 soldier deaths., inequality problems eg Martin Luther King
-USSR poor living standards, nuclear weapons too expensive

27
Q

what and when was SALT 1?

A

May 1972
-Anti ballistic missile treaty
-only allowed in 2 sides and of a max of 100 missiles each
-Intrim Treaty- restricted number of long range missiles allowed
-Basic Principle Agreement- wherein missiles could be placed

28
Q

what were the consequences of SALT 1?

A

-if there was war it is unlikely that either side would stick to SALT (still owned nuclear weapons)
-showed peace
-reduced likelihood of war
-symbolic importance

29
Q

what and when was SALT 2

A

June 1979
-further restriction limits on missiles and bombers

30
Q

what was the relationship between US and USSR like late 1970s and why?

A

-weak, lack of trust, increased communist support, political pressure

31
Q

what happened in December 1979 and what were the consequences?

A

-soviets invaded Afghanistan
-symbolised the end of Detente
-Carter (US president) refused to sign SALT 2

32
Q

narrate the invasion of Afghanistan

A

-Soviet Union worried that muslim fundamentalists (mujahedeed) in Afghanistan might attack USSR
-Despite a government which support Soviets taking over Afghanistan in April 1978, in September 1979 muslim fundamentalists took over by force
-24th December 1979 Soviets invaded, and assassinated the leader on the 27th
-soviet troops stayed in Afghanistan for nearly 10 years
-1.5 billion Afghan Casulties

33
Q

how did the US react to invasion of Afghanistan?

A

-Carter claimed it was the biggest r threat to world peace since WW2
-Carter withdrew from, SALT 2

34
Q

what were the consequences of (long term) of the invasion

A

-Detente officially and definitely over
-Regan new president 1980
-Boycotted 1980 Olympics (in USSR)

35
Q

what did Ronald Reagan do and why?

A

-said the Soviets were and evil empire,
strategic defence initiative 1983:
-US would place satellites in space, shoot down soviet missiles
-Reagan told the world it was ready
-it wasn’t it was a lie

36
Q

what were the consequences of Reagan’s SDI?

A

-soviets now believed their nuclear missiles were pointless and realised how weak their economy was
-US believed they’d win the arms race
-Reagan increased spending on armed forced and weapons by 13%
-US looked very powerful

37
Q

who was the new soviet leader in 1985 what problems did he face

A

Gorbachev
-left with a huge debt
-standard of living was very poor
-lack of freedom of speech

38
Q

why was the soviet union weak 1985-6?

A

-Brezhnev died in 1982
-2 leaders after him died shortly after power
-1986, nuclear explosion. (very embarrasing for them)

39
Q

describe Gorbachev’s economic reform

A

1) allowed business to make profit -people felt happier
2) allowed opposition parties to run against communist government allowed media to be truthful - TVs now showed difference of East and West
3) Withdrew troops from Afghanistan, Soviet/ communism look weak
4) spend less money on nuclear weapons- soviets looked weak

40
Q

what were the consequences of Gorbachevs reforms overall?

A

tension and regression reduced

41
Q

When did the Berlin Wall fall?

A

9th November 1989

42
Q

what were the consequences of the Berlin wall fall?

A

-people reunited after 30 years
-huge symbolic event
-other soviet states now felt confident to gain freedom

43
Q

how did the soviet union collapse and the consequences?

A

-Brezhnev Doctrine over SS broke free (no threat or violence)
-Warsaw Pact ended 1990
-Europe no longer divided, didn’t have to follow rules
-no arms race, iron curtain ends
-Gorbachev falls in 1991 due to hard strict communism

History (13 decks)

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