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BA EXAM > Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are perceptions?

A

The way we interpret our surroundings with the stimuli that we receive through our sensory organs

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2
Q

What are the two phases of visual perception?

A

Early (extraction of shapes and objects) and later (recognition)

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3
Q

What are the steps of the early phase of visual perception?

A

Retina -> Photoreceptor cells (cones and rodes) -> Bipolar cells -> Ganglion cells (axons from the optic nerve) -> Optic chiasm (crossing over of axons from inside) -> Primary Visual Cortex

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4
Q

Apperceptive visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognize simple shapes (early processing)

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5
Q

Associative visual agnosia

A

Inability to recognize complex objects (pattern recognition)

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6
Q

What are on-off and off-on cells?

A

Ganglion cells and cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus which increase/decrease their firing rate in response to light falling on center or the surrounding receptive field.

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7
Q

Edge and bars detectors are located in V1. True or false?

A

True

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8
Q

What are the 3D representation cues?

A

Texture gradient, stereopsis, motion parallax

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9
Q

What are the 5 Gestalt principles?

A

Proximity, Similarity, Good Continuation, Good Form, Closure

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of perception theories?

A

Template, Prototype, and Feature

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11
Q

Describe Marr’s computational theory of perception

A

Transduction-> (feature extraction) -> Primary Sketch-> (depth info) -> 2 1/2D sketch-> (Gestalt principles)-> 3D model

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12
Q

What is attention?

A

Ability to focus on specific stimuli which has different aspects such as selective attention, divided attention, distraction

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of attention?

A

Stimulus-directed/exogenous (more left lateralized) and goal-directed/endogenous (more right lateralized)

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14
Q

Attentional networks

A

-ventral-salience based (TPJ and parietal lobe, VFC)
-dorsal-top-down processes (parietal cortex, DFC)
-executive-central cognition, intentions, inhibition

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15
Q

Describe early selection models

A
  1. Broadbent’s filter (Cherry’s dichotic listening experiment-shadowing procedure): filter based on physical characteristics just as in cocktail effect
  2. Treisman’s attenuation (attenuator for messages- dictionary unit for salient words in memory): attenuated messages get through in a weaker form
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16
Q

Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention is related to?

A

Processing capacity and perceptual load (difficult of task: low- vs high-load tasks)

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17
Q

What is the difference between overt and covert attention?

A

Overt is bottom-up or top-down, and covert is top-down (Posner’s precueing tasks)

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18
Q

Treisman’s feature integration theory states that:

A

There is a preattentive processing of focused attention and binding.

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19
Q

Memory is involved in retaining, retrieving and using information. True or false?

A

True

20
Q

Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shifrrin) is made up of:

A

structural features (sensory memory, STM, LTM) and control processes (rehearsal)

21
Q

What are two types of sensory memory and how long is information stored in them?

A

Iconic memory (<1s) -Sperling’s experiment
Auditory/echoic memory (2-4s)

22
Q

What does the short-term memory do?

A

Stores small amounts of information (5-9) for a brief period of time (this is why we can say it is a window to the present)

23
Q

WM consists of:

A

-Phonological Loop (Phonological Store+ Articulatory/Rehearsal Processes)
-Visuospatial Sketchpad (Coordination and Visual Imagery)
-Central Executive (pulls info from LTM, decides how to divide attention between PL and VSP, inhibits information)
-Episodic Buffer (stores informations, connected to LTM)

24
Q

Evidence for PL

A

Phonological similarity effect, word-length effect, articulatory supression

25
Q

Evidence for VSP

A

Mental Rotation Experiment (Shepard and Metzler)

26
Q

LTM is made up of:

A

Explicit (epsiod+semantic) and Implicit memory (procedural+conditioning+priming)

27
Q

Serial position curve of primacy and recency effects do not provide evidence for the distinction between LTM and STM. True or false?

A

False

28
Q

What did patient H.M. suffer from?

A

He was not able to form new long-term memories because of the removal of hippocampus. STM remained intact, but transfer to LTM was not possible anymore

29
Q

What did patient KF suffer from?

A

Damage to parietal love (effect on STM: reduced digit span, reduced recency effects, LTM functioning good)

30
Q

What did patient KC suffer from?

A

Damage to hippocampus and surrounding structures (loss of episodic memory, but not of semantic memory)

31
Q

What does the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis states?

A

That episodic memory is involved in mental time travel and anticipation.

32
Q

What did patient LP suffere from?

A

Encephalitis at age 44 (severe impariment of memory for semantic information, episodic memory intact)

33
Q

EM and SM interact. True or false?

A

True (knowledge affects memory, autobiographical memory contains both types)

34
Q

LTM and STM are not so straightforwardly separated. True or false?

A

True (hippocampus is involved in STM for instance)

35
Q

Recollection corresponds to _______, and familiarity corresponds to ________.

A

recollection; familiarity (rember vs know procedure)

36
Q

The semanticization of remote memories. Do you remember?

A

Yes.

37
Q

What are the 2 types of consolidation?

A

Synaptic (minute to hours; Hebb’s law) and systems (months to years; stronger cortical connections replace hippocampus and cortex connections according to classical/standard model)

38
Q

Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation states that:

A

Hippocampus remains in active communication with the cortical areas, even for remote memories

39
Q

Inductive reasoning is _____, while deductive reasoning is _____.

A

probabilistic; certain, logical

40
Q

Availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman) states:

A

Info that comes easier to the mind is considered to be more probable (e.g. illusory correlations stereotypes)

41
Q

Representativeness heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman) states:

A

Different events that seem similar have a similar likelihood of occurance (e.g. ignoring base rate, conjucation rules, large numbers rule)

42
Q

Belief bias states:

A

A syllogism is valid if the conclusion is beliavable

43
Q

Modus ponens affirms the antecendent, while modus tollens denies the consequent. True or false?

A

True

44
Q

Dual-Process Theories claim there exists two processes that have the following characteristic:

A

Type 1 (rapid, automatic)
Type 2 (slow, deliberative)

45
Q

According to the rational-utilitarian approach what can we say about emotions?

A

They affect decisions (e.g. expected emotions=> risk aversion, incidental emotions)

BA EXAM (11 decks)

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