Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
What are perceptions?
The way we interpret our surroundings with the stimuli that we receive through our sensory organs
What are the two phases of visual perception?
Early (extraction of shapes and objects) and later (recognition)
What are the steps of the early phase of visual perception?
Retina -> Photoreceptor cells (cones and rodes) -> Bipolar cells -> Ganglion cells (axons from the optic nerve) -> Optic chiasm (crossing over of axons from inside) -> Primary Visual Cortex
Apperceptive visual agnosia
Inability to recognize simple shapes (early processing)
Associative visual agnosia
Inability to recognize complex objects (pattern recognition)
What are on-off and off-on cells?
Ganglion cells and cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus which increase/decrease their firing rate in response to light falling on center or the surrounding receptive field.
Edge and bars detectors are located in V1. True or false?
True
What are the 3D representation cues?
Texture gradient, stereopsis, motion parallax
What are the 5 Gestalt principles?
Proximity, Similarity, Good Continuation, Good Form, Closure
What are the 3 types of perception theories?
Template, Prototype, and Feature
Describe Marr’s computational theory of perception
Transduction-> (feature extraction) -> Primary Sketch-> (depth info) -> 2 1/2D sketch-> (Gestalt principles)-> 3D model
What is attention?
Ability to focus on specific stimuli which has different aspects such as selective attention, divided attention, distraction
What are the 2 types of attention?
Stimulus-directed/exogenous (more left lateralized) and goal-directed/endogenous (more right lateralized)
Attentional networks
-ventral-salience based (TPJ and parietal lobe, VFC)
-dorsal-top-down processes (parietal cortex, DFC)
-executive-central cognition, intentions, inhibition
Describe early selection models
- Broadbent’s filter (Cherry’s dichotic listening experiment-shadowing procedure): filter based on physical characteristics just as in cocktail effect
- Treisman’s attenuation (attenuator for messages- dictionary unit for salient words in memory): attenuated messages get through in a weaker form
Lavie’s Load Theory of Attention is related to?
Processing capacity and perceptual load (difficult of task: low- vs high-load tasks)
What is the difference between overt and covert attention?
Overt is bottom-up or top-down, and covert is top-down (Posner’s precueing tasks)
Treisman’s feature integration theory states that:
There is a preattentive processing of focused attention and binding.
Memory is involved in retaining, retrieving and using information. True or false?
True
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shifrrin) is made up of:
structural features (sensory memory, STM, LTM) and control processes (rehearsal)
What are two types of sensory memory and how long is information stored in them?
Iconic memory (<1s) -Sperling’s experiment
Auditory/echoic memory (2-4s)
What does the short-term memory do?
Stores small amounts of information (5-9) for a brief period of time (this is why we can say it is a window to the present)
WM consists of:
-Phonological Loop (Phonological Store+ Articulatory/Rehearsal Processes)
-Visuospatial Sketchpad (Coordination and Visual Imagery)
-Central Executive (pulls info from LTM, decides how to divide attention between PL and VSP, inhibits information)
-Episodic Buffer (stores informations, connected to LTM)
Evidence for PL
Phonological similarity effect, word-length effect, articulatory supression
Evidence for VSP
Mental Rotation Experiment (Shepard and Metzler)
LTM is made up of:
Explicit (epsiod+semantic) and Implicit memory (procedural+conditioning+priming)
Serial position curve of primacy and recency effects do not provide evidence for the distinction between LTM and STM. True or false?
False
What did patient H.M. suffer from?
He was not able to form new long-term memories because of the removal of hippocampus. STM remained intact, but transfer to LTM was not possible anymore
What did patient KF suffer from?
Damage to parietal love (effect on STM: reduced digit span, reduced recency effects, LTM functioning good)
What did patient KC suffer from?
Damage to hippocampus and surrounding structures (loss of episodic memory, but not of semantic memory)
What does the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis states?
That episodic memory is involved in mental time travel and anticipation.
What did patient LP suffere from?
Encephalitis at age 44 (severe impariment of memory for semantic information, episodic memory intact)
EM and SM interact. True or false?
True (knowledge affects memory, autobiographical memory contains both types)
LTM and STM are not so straightforwardly separated. True or false?
True (hippocampus is involved in STM for instance)
Recollection corresponds to _______, and familiarity corresponds to ________.
recollection; familiarity (rember vs know procedure)
The semanticization of remote memories. Do you remember?
Yes.
What are the 2 types of consolidation?
Synaptic (minute to hours; Hebb’s law) and systems (months to years; stronger cortical connections replace hippocampus and cortex connections according to classical/standard model)
Multiple Trace Model of Consolidation states that:
Hippocampus remains in active communication with the cortical areas, even for remote memories
Inductive reasoning is _____, while deductive reasoning is _____.
probabilistic; certain, logical
Availability heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman) states:
Info that comes easier to the mind is considered to be more probable (e.g. illusory correlations stereotypes)
Representativeness heuristic (Tversky & Kahneman) states:
Different events that seem similar have a similar likelihood of occurance (e.g. ignoring base rate, conjucation rules, large numbers rule)
Belief bias states:
A syllogism is valid if the conclusion is beliavable
Modus ponens affirms the antecendent, while modus tollens denies the consequent. True or false?
True
Dual-Process Theories claim there exists two processes that have the following characteristic:
Type 1 (rapid, automatic)
Type 2 (slow, deliberative)
According to the rational-utilitarian approach what can we say about emotions?
They affect decisions (e.g. expected emotions=> risk aversion, incidental emotions)
