Cognitive Psych - Memory Flashcards
Chabris and Simons
○ “The invisible gorilla”
Involved having a gorilla walk through a basketball court, most often people wouldn’t notice as their attention was on the gam
Multitasking
- No such thing
- It just involves you switching your attention from one task to the other
- Example studies
○ Multitasking peers (Weston & Cepeda)
○ Smartphone use during class (Glass & Kang)
○ The mere presence of one’s phone (Ward et al)
The information prcoessing model
○ Encoding phase
Information is acquired and processed into a neural code that the brain can use
○ Storage phase
The retention of encoded information (whether it is for a moment or a lifetime)
○ Retrieval phase
Recalling or remembering the stored information when we need it
Multi-store memory model
- Atkinson and Shiffrin
- sensory model -> short term memory model -> long term memory
sensory memory
Memory for sensory information that only lasts for an extremely brief (<1s) time. We are typically not even consciously aware of it
Types of rehearsal
- Maintenance rehearsal
Memory that remains for only a few seconds unless you actively think about it - Elaborative rehearsal
Putting the memory into long-term memory
Chunking
Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
Ex. KFC, CEO, UBC, PHD rather than KFCCEOUBCPHD
George Sperling’s grid experiments
Found that sensory memory can likely hold all 12 letters but the icon disappears before you can report them all
Working memory model
- Baddeley and Hitch
Components… - Phonological loop
□ Auditory and verbal information - Visuospatial sketchpad
□ Visual information - Central executive
□ Control center, directs attention to relevant information - Episodic buffer
□ Integrates information, links to long-term memory
explicit memory
The processes involved when people remember specific information -> information that we are consciously aware of
semantic memory
- Memory for knowledge about the world
- Things that you know, even though you may not remember where or when you learned it
Ex. the capital of France
episodic memory
- Memory of your personal past experiences that includes information about the time and place the experiences occurred
Ex. the last wedding you attended
autobiographical memory
- Includes both semantic and episodic memory of the self
Ex. your birthday, cities you’ve lived in
HSAM
- highly superior autobiographical memory
- Jill price
- remember everything (ex. Mike ross)
implicit memory
The system underlying unconscious memories -> memories we acquire and use without awareness or intention
classical conditioning
- Automatic conditioned response to a stimulus
Ex. knowing that certain music is associated with bad things
priming
- Improvement in identifying or processing a stimulus that has been experienced previously
Ex. complete the word: __ory (likely to say memory)
procedural memory
- Motor skills, habits, and other behaviours that we remember how to do without thinking about it
Ex. HM
retrieval cue
- Anything that helps someone recall information from memory
Encoding specificity principle
context dependent memory
- Memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
May be similar in terms of physical location, background music, odors, etc.
state dependent memory
- Memory enhancement that occurs when one’s internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
Ex. mood
medial temporal lobe
○ Includes hippocampus
○ Critical for episodic and spatial memory: encoding, consolidation, retrieval
the hippocampus and spatial memory
- Formation of cognitive maps
Ex. rats and the Morris water maze
schema
- A set of expectations about objects and situations
- Hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information
loftus and the fallibility of memory
Video and using the words “smashed” vs “hit”
serial position theory
The likelihood to mess up the middle values over the beginning and end values in a sequence
proactive interference vs retroactive interference
Proactive interference
- When old (prior) information inhibits the ability to remember new information
Retroactive interference
- When new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
spaced practice
- Also known as “distributing practice”
- The opposite of cramming (known as massed practice)
