cognitive neuroscience vision

Question 1

rods allow to see in the dark but what is their limitation?

Answer 1

they can’t perceive colour

Question 2

cones allow to perceive what?

Answer 2

colour

Question 3

what is receptive field?

Answer 3

location of photoreceptors that can change the bipolar cells membrane potential

Question 4

retinotopy, what is it?

Answer 4

retinotopy is the way in which the visual system maintains a spatial relationship between the retina and the brain, enabling the brain to create a representation to the visual world that matches the organization to the objects in your field of view

Question 5

which retianal ganglion cells are highly sensitive to wavelength (red-green)?

Answer 5

Parvicellular type neurons (parvo means small)

Question 6

what is collumnar architecture?

Answer 6

structural arrangement where neurons are grouped into vertical columns, and these columns extend through multiple layers of a particular brain regions
columnar architecture is like having organized bookshelves in a library where each shelf (column) contains books (neurons) about a specific topic (visual aspect)
this organization helps the brain efficiently process and understand visual information

Question 7

dorsal stream

Answer 7

“how” pathway, analysis of visual motion and unconscious visual perception ofr the control of action, the ‘what; pathway is asspciated with perception linked to consciuos visual experience

Question 8

ventral stream

Answer 8

”what” pathway, concious visual perception/recognition of objects, the ‘how’ pathway is associated with perception linked to visually-guided action

Question 9

what happens when MT(V5) is lesioned?

Answer 9

incapability of perceiving motion, cannot pour coffee without spilling, cannot see cars aproaching while crossing the street

Question 10

FFA

Answer 10

fusiform face area
visual expertise area (greater over in the right hemisphere compered to left) RIGHT FUSIFORM GYRUS

Question 11

PPA

Answer 11

parahippocampal place area

Question 12

optic ataxia

Answer 12

can’t estimate how big the thing is when grabbing (grab it) but can manually estimate

Question 13

visual form agnosia

Answer 13

can grab the things by different size but can’t manually estimate their size (how big it is?)

Question 14

visual agnosia

Answer 14

individual is unable to interpret or recognize what they are seeing

Question 15

optic ataxia

Answer 15

inability to conduct meaningful movements

Question 16

visual mechanisms mediating the perception of objects are..

Answer 16

functionally and neurally distinct from those mediating the control of skilled actions directed at those objects

Question 17

cells futher along the ventral stream fire to what stimuli?

Answer 17

they fire more to complex and specific stimuli

Question 18

sparse coding

Answer 18

a small but specific group of cells responds to presence of a given object (grandmother cell theory)

Question 19

population coding

Answer 19

the same cells participate in coding the same objects (all cells participate in coding for all possible objects in the world)

Question 20

receptive field become larger as we move futher along..

Answer 20

the ventral stream

Question 21

receptive field in IT (inferotemporal) cortex..

Answer 21

is bigger then in V1

Question 22

what is visual angle?

Answer 22

is a measure of how much of your visual field an object occupies, based on its size and distance from your eyes

Question 23

how colour affect object recognition?

Answer 23

color aids it, since it helps to figure-ground segrecation (separating an object fro its background)

Question 24

associative agnosia

Answer 24

individuals with associative agnosia can see and describe the object’s physical features but can’t connect these features to a known object or concept, trouble attaching meaning to what they see

Question 25

apperceptive agnosia

Answer 25

individuals with apperceptive agnosia have difficulty perceiving and distinguishing the basic visual features of an object, such as shape, form, or color. This impairs their ability to even describe the object’s physical characteristics accurately

Question 26

what is perceptual constancy?

Answer 26

the ability to recognise objects seen from different angles, at different postioin sor sizes

Question 27

lateral occipital complex (LOC)

Answer 27

response is constant regardless of the form of the cure that represents the object

Question 28

lessions in left hemisphere

Answer 28

lessions in left hemisphere disrupt the ability to perceive local, but not global aspects of an object, whereas right hemisphere lesion shave the opposite effect

Question 29

what does inversion effect lead to?

Answer 29

recognition becomes substantially poorer when the object is persented upside down. the inversion effect is dependent on the right more than the left hemisphere

Question 30

perceptual narrowing

Answer 30

babies are born with capacity to recognise wide variety of faces how however with age it gets narrowed down, being more tune to the faces baby was exposed to

Question 31

prosopagnosia

Answer 31

inability to recognise the faces (occipital and occipital-temporal regions), but can determine a face is the face (even tell the sex or age), do not have general memory deficit, rely on non-facial information

Question 32

what is aperture problem?

Answer 32

if a moving object is viewed through aperture, the direction of motion of local feature is ambiguous

Question 33

visual angle

Answer 33

measure of how much of your visual field an object occupies, based on its size and distance from your eyes

Question 34

radiological convention

Answer 34

Radiological images, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, are typically displayed with a standard orientation. For example, in X-rays, the left side of the patient is on the right side of the image, and the right side of the patient is on the left side of the image. Standardization ensures consistency in interpretation.

Question 35

cortical magnification

Answer 35

disproportionate representation of different parts of the sensory field in the cerebral cortex, particularly in the brain’s primary sensory areas