cognitive neuroscience memory Flashcards
episodic memory
details of everyday life
type of long-term memory that stores personal experiences and specific events that have happened in one’s life
autobiographical and subjective, consisting of episodes or episodes of one’s life
relies on the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus in the brain
types of memory
long term
short term (working)
semantic memory
semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that stores general knowledge and facts about the world
mental encyclopedia of knowledge
vocabulary, mathematical facts, and historical events are also part of semantic memory
relies on the language and reasoning centers of the brain
long term declarative (explicit) memory
episodic memory, semantic memory
concious memory
implicit
non-declarative memory, meaning it’s not easy to put into words or consciously recall
type of long-term memory that involves the unconscious influence of past experiences on current behaviors, even without conscious awareness
HM implicit memory was normal
priming
implicit memory type
cognitive phenomenon in which exposure to a stimulus, such as a word, image, or concept, influences your response to a related stimulus presented afterward, often making your response faster or more accurate.
priming is a form of implicit memory that occurs without conscious awareness or intention
procedural memory
implicit memory type
type of long-term memory that stores information about how to perform specific skills and tasks. It enables you to perform actions, habits, and motor skills without conscious thought
riding a bike, typing on a keyboard, or playing a musical instrument involve procedural memory
hippocampus
dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis (ammon’s horn)
dentate gyrus, CA1 - CA4
declarative memory
capacity for conscious recollection about facts
non-declarative memory
influence of experience on behaviour without conscious realization or retrieval
associative memory
ong-term memory that involves making connections between pieces of information or linking related items or events together
non-associative memory
memory that doesn’t rely on connecting pieces of information. It involves changes in the response to a single stimulus after repeated exposure
clasical conditioning
Pavlol dogs
associative learning
operant conditioning
responeses are followed by reinforcement or punishment that either strenghten or weaken behaviour
habituation
learning to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning
sensitization
form of learning that intensifies your response to all stimuli
lateral ventricle
lateral ventricles are part of the brain’s ventricular system, which consists of interconnected, fluid-filled cavities within the brain. They are the largest of the brain’s ventricles and play a crucial role in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production and circulation
Lateral ventricles produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a cushion for the brain, provides nutrients, and removes waste products
retrograde amnesia
from the past
type of memory that involves the ability to recall or remember events, information, or experiences from the past, before a specific point in time, often referred to as an ‘amnestic’ event.
anterograde amnesia
present times (after the lesion)
type of memory that involves the ability to form and remember new events, information, or experiences after a specific point in time or amnestic event
midline diencephalic structure damage
can also cause amnesia
Korsakoff’s syndrome
neurological disorder caused by a lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) in the brain
linked with chronic alcohol abuse and/or severe malnutrition
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
confabulation (false memories)
minimal content in conversation
lack of insight
apathy
working memory
ability to hold a limited amount of information online over a short term while it is being processed
previous exposure to the same stimuli helps amnesics
to identify objects that are more degraded, or less complete versions of the objects, even thought the patients have no recollection of the previous training events
PRIOR IMPLICIT REPETITION PRIMING
cued recall task
subjects are given a 3 letter stem and are asked to recall the word studied. (e.g., mot-, pla-, cyc-). The measure of performance was the % of words reported from the study list (reflects the influence of explicit memory of the word list, if the participant consciously remembers the word being in the list)
hippocampal place cells
place cells fire whenever the rat is on certain place cell in the local evironment (the place field of the cell)
firing persists in the dark
when the envronment is scaled up or down, the place fields change correspondingly
remapping
when there is a dinamic change in place fields response when the animal is exposed to a new environment
border cells
a place field will sometimes maintain a fixed-distance to part of the boundry when size or shaoe to the environment changes
enthorhinal place cells
respond to several locations that are organized in a grid-like pattern
navigation task
increased activtion of the right hippocampus
relational learning system - hippocampus
activity of hippocampal cells is not driven exclusively by relations of ‘spatial’ nature
some researches believe that hippocampus should be characterised as a system for relational place learning, which referes to accuiring memory for arbiterary associations
relatonal learning
acquiring memory for relations among items that are associated arbitrarily or accidentally
fMRI evidence shows that the hippocampal system increases in activity when arbitrary relations need to be encoded
repetition efect
amnesic patients did show reduced sampling of locations in repeated scenes compered to novel scenes
even tho memory was tested implicitly without need for conscious recollection, but the information had to be accquired relational so they didn’t memorized it
long-term potentiation
a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons
who mediate LTP?
LTP is mediated by a class of Glu receptors called NMDA (N-methyl-D-asparate) receptors
NMDA-gated channel
at the resting membrane potential, the pore is blocked by Mg2+ ions, glutamate alone cannot open the channel
depolarization of the membrane relieves the Mg2+ block and allows Na+ and Ca2+ to enter
