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PSYC 365 > Cognitive Neuroscience methods > Flashcards

Cognitive Neuroscience methods Flashcards

1
Q

main characteristics about a cognitive model

A

Specific and realistic
Parsimonious (simple)
falsifiable
linked to knowledge of the brain

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2
Q

Important aspects for the study of behaviour

A

accuracy and reaction time involved in models

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3
Q

electrodes that pick up signals from a neuron

A

single cell recordings

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4
Q

behaviour can tell us

A

difficulty of the problem

influence of extraneous factors

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5
Q

behaviour study requires

A

control over inputs and analysis of the outputs

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6
Q

amount of time it takes for an input to generate a response

A

reaction time

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7
Q

erros that reflect task-related and non-task related issues

A

accuracy

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8
Q

A good cognitive model

A

can be reduced to parts of the brain

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9
Q

consequences from spontaneous neural activity

A

we need a dramatic increase in order to link stimulation to function

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10
Q

map parts of the eye to parts of the brain is called

A

retinatopic

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11
Q

map of frequencies to the brain is called

A

tonotopic

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12
Q

tracing from cell body to terminal is

A

anterograde

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13
Q

tracing from terminal to cell body is

A

retrograde

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14
Q

tracing allows to

A

know where electrons come from

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15
Q

lesion to temporal lobes in animals cause

A

Kluver bucy syndrome

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16
Q

difficulties reaching objects is caused by

A

lesions in parietal lobes

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17
Q

method that allows to study brains lacking an area without surgery

A

genetic manipulation

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18
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT) relies on which principle?

A

different tissues absorb radiation at different rates

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19
Q

Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) relies on

A

magnetic properties of tissues on the brain. waves that get back are called resonance

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20
Q

unit for brain volume

A

voxels: volumetric pixels

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21
Q

Advantages of sMRI for lesion tracing

A

boundary, size and extent of injury

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22
Q

process of stretching the brain to fit the general template

A

spatial normalization

23
Q

reason why we need normalization

A

brains have different sizes

24
Q

Difussion tensor imaging (DTI) principle

A

water moves more readily along the white matter tract

25
Q

Elentroencephalography (EEG) method

A

uses a cap of electrodes that pick up electrical signals from brain

26
Q

event-related potentials (ERP) are computed by

A

averaging several trials

27
Q

average of ERP is needed because

A

it reduces noise and characterizes the real peaks associated to mental processes

28
Q

funtional method that uses radioactive isotopes and measures the emission of gamma rays

A

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging (PET)

29
Q

PET is used for which diseases

A

cancer, schizofrenia and alzheimer

30
Q

Funtional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) principle

A

magnetic properties of oxygen allows to track blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signals

31
Q

Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) is

A

slice the brain and repeat readings

32
Q

type of imaging that answers questions about brain dynamics

A

functional imaging

33
Q

dark areas on CT are

A

ventricles

34
Q

advantages of fMRI over CT

A

better resolution and safer

35
Q

limitations of MRI

A

cannot be used if people have ferrous metals in their body

36
Q

mehtods that looks at patients with common areas of impairment and see areas of injury

A

Lesion overlap technique

37
Q

template used to compare brains was crated by

A

Montreal National Institute

38
Q

the ratio of water moving in one direction against other directions

A

fractional anisotropy

39
Q

DTI is used in

A

injuries, trauma, mutiple sclerosis and other cases where white matter is damaged

40
Q

limitation of DTI

A

only looks at white matter

subjects have to be stable

41
Q

method with greatest temporal resolution

A

EEG

42
Q

limitations of EEg

A

bad spatial resolution

43
Q

advantages of PET

A

good spatial resolution, it can isolate parts of the frontal lobe

44
Q

principle that predicts in the changes of blood flow in the brain

A

hemodynamic response

45
Q

principle that says the more neural activity requires more oxygenated blood

A

neurovascular coupling

46
Q

limitation of fMRI

A

very bad temporal resolution (about 6 seconds)

not every region has the same hemodynamic response

47
Q

method with worst temporal resolution

A

PET

48
Q

define subtraction method

A

take sample of the experimental condition, then the control condition and look at differences in activation

49
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) principle

A

magnetic pulse introduces a electrical current that changes neural activity

50
Q

limitations of TMS

A

very much detail needed to stimulate right area

51
Q

relation between stimulation and activation is

A

proportional in time and activity (higher frequency excites while ow frequency disrupts)

52
Q

Optical imaging principle

A

shine laser to the brain and pick up how light scatters or is absorbed

53
Q

method that shows neurotransmitters levels

A

optical imaging

PSYC 365 (7 decks)

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