Cognitive Learning Theories/CBT

Question 1

Tolman’s research with rats in mazes suggested that the rats formed cognitive maps thereby providing evidence of___learning.

Answer 1

latent

Question 2

Kholer proposed that____learninginvolves internal cognitive restructuiring of the environment that allows the organism to achieve its goals.

Answer 2

insight(monkey and 2 sticks and banana)

Question 3

Bandura;s observationallearning involves 4 processes: attention, ___,production, and motivation.Research on observationallearning suggests that___modeling is most effective form of modeling for treating phobias and that___models are more effective than mastery models.

Answer 3

retention; participant; coping

Question 4

Bandura also proposed that a person’s self-efficacy beliefs are a primary source of motivation and are affected by 4 informational sources: enactive attainment, ___ experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional and physiological states.

Answer 4

vicarious

Question 5

Bandura’s notion of_____predicts that there’s an interactive and influential relationship between a person’s environment, overt behaviors and personal characteristics.

Answer 5

reciprocal determinism

Question 6

The reformulated version of the learned helplessness model describes depression as the result of_____attributions about negative events. More recently, the model wasrevised to incorporate the impact of a sense of____.

Answer 6

internal, stable, and global; hopelessness

Question 7

Rational-emotive behavior(REBT) therapy conceptualizes behavior in terms of an “ A–B-C chain” where A is an external event, B is the individual’s_____, and C is the_____. In other words,an emotional or behavioral response to an event(A) is due to___-about that event rather than to the event itself.

Answer 7

beliefs about A, emotional or behavioral result of B; beliefs

Question 8

Beck’s cognitive therapy(CT) focuses on the impact of various cognitive phenomena on emotions and behaviors. Cognitive ___are structures and rules that determine how people codify, categorize, and interpret their experiences. They develop early in life and may be dormant until they’re activated by____.

Answer 8

schemas; internal or external stress

Question 9

___ are “surface level cognitions” that intercedebetween an event and a person’semotional or behavioral response to thatevent; while____aresystematic errorsin information processing that link maladaptive cognitive schemas and negative automatic thoughts. They include ____which involves drawing conclusions without corroborative evidence, and ___which involves attending to details while ignoring the total context.

Answer 9

automatic thoughts; cognitive distortions; arbitrary inference; selective abstraction

Question 10

According to Beck, each psychological disorder is characterized by a differentcognitive profile. Depression, for example, involvesthe cognitive triad of a negative view of oneself, teh world, and ____.

Answer 10

future.

Question 11

The primary goal of CT is to modify the client;s dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions. This is achieved through the development of a__therapist-client relationship and the use of a broad range of cognitive and behavioral techniques.

Answer 11

collaborative

Question 12

_dialogue(questioning) is used to help the client reach logical conclusions about his/her problem. An early homework assignment requires the client to keep a Daily Record of _____.

Answer 12

Socratic; Dysfunctional Thoughts

Question 13

Self-instructional training was origionally usewd to help impulsive and hyperactive children performtasks more successfully. It involves 5 stages: cognitive modeling, _____, overt self-instruction, fading overt selfinstruction, and______.

Answer 13

cognitive participant modeling;covert self-instruction

Question 14

___is used to eliminate obsessive ruminations, self-criticism, and other unwanted thoughts and involves such techniques as covertly yelling “stop!” or snapping a rubber band placed around the wrist.

Answer 14

Thought stopping

Question 15

The goal of attribution retraining is to help clients attribute failures to ___ factors.

Answer 15

external, unstable, specific

Question 16

Stress inoculation wasdesigned to helppeople deal with stressful events by increasingtheir coping skills. It includes 3 stages: cognitive preparation,__, and application, and follow-through.

Answer 16

skills acquisition and rehearsal

Question 17

According to Rehm,depression is related to deficits in self-monitoring, ____,and selfreinforcement.

Answer 17

self-evaluation

Question 18

Lewinsohn’s behavioral model attributes deppression to a low rate of _____.

Answer 18

response-contingent reinforcement

Question 19

The selfmanagement procedures include a variety of techniques that emphasize the client’s responsibility for modifying his or her own behavior. Self-monitoring is not only useful as an assessment tool but is also helpful for____.

Answer 19

promoting behavior change

Question 20

Behavior that is under____is influenced by the presence or absence of certain stimuli.

Answer 20

stimulus control

Question 21

Biofeedback provides an individual with immediate performance feedback about a response that is usually considered involuntary. Several studies suggest that____is as effective as biofeedback for tension headaches, hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia.

Answer 21

relaxation training

Question 22

However, thermal feedback may be the treatment-of-choice for____disease, and a combination of thermal biofeedback and____is the best approach for migraine headaches.

Answer 22

Raynaud’s; autogenic training