Classical Conditioning Principles

Question 1

Pavlov found that when a neutral stimulus was paired with a stimulus that naturally elicited salivation eventually the neutral stimulus also produced a salivation response. He referred to the stimulus that naturally elicited salivation (or other target response) as the ___stimulus andthe response it elicited as the ___response. He called the neutral stimulus the ____stimulus and the response it produced after conditioning trials the____response.

Answer 1

unconditioned; unconditioned;conditioned;conditioned;

Question 2

The effectiveness of classical conditioning depends on several factors including the temporal relationship between the Conditioned Stimulus(CS) and the Unconditioned Stimulus(US). _____conditioning is the most effective type of conditioning andinvolves presenting the CS so that it____presentation of the US.

Answer 2

Delayed; precedes and overlaps;

Question 3

___conditioning involves presenting the US before the CS, is rarely effective for establishing a conditioned response.

Answer 3

Backward

Question 4

Repeated presentation of the CS without the US produces extinction of the___.

Answer 4

CR

Question 5

Pavlov’s investigations of extinction revealed that a weak CR is often elicited by the CS following extinction trials. He named this phenomenon ____ and argued that it proved that once something is learned it is never entirely forgotten.

Answer 5

spontaneous recovery

Question 6

Pavlov found that following conditioning trials, the dogs in his study exhibited ____generalization which ocurred when a dog responded with a CR to stimuli that were similar to the original ___. He also discovered that difficult discriminations between stimuli (e.g., between a circle and an ellipse) produced___.

Answer 6

stimulus; CS; experimental neurosis

Question 7

___conditioning occurswhen an established CS is consistently presented following a new neutral stimulus so that the new neutral stimulus also produces a CR. In this situation the CS is beingtreated as a(n)_____. ___occurs when an association has been made between a CS and US and the CS and a second neutral stimulus are then presented together prior to the US. In this situation the second neutral stimulus does not produce a CR.

Answer 7

Higher-order; US; Blocking

Question 8

Watson used classical conditioning to establish a phobia in an 11-month old boy named Albert. This involved pairing presentation of a white rat with a loud noise so that eventually the white rat elicited a____. In this situation, the white rat was a(n) _____stimulus, while the loud noise was a(n)____stimulus. Following conditioning, Albert exhibited a great deal of______; He responded with fear not only to the white rat but also to other white furry objects.

Answer 8

startle response;CS; US; stimulus generalization