Cognitive Essay Plans Flashcards
Baddeley 1966
Generalisability
A03
Weakness
A01
Sample of 72 split into groups of 15 so anomaly would make a difference.
Sample made of British volunteers so not generalisable to other cultures
Baddeley 1966
Reliability
A03
Strength
A01
Standardised procedures as same words were used in the same order for participants. Everyone saw word for same amount of time (3seconds) and had the same amount of time to recall
Baddeley 1966
Validity
A03
Weakness
A01
Recalling words in the exact order of artificial and does not resemble anything you do in real life.
Baddeley 1966
Application
A03
Strength
A01
If ltm encodes semantically then mindmaps with semantic links are useful for revision.
Reading passages repeatedly (rote learning) is not effective as ltm isn’t acoustic.
Evaluate working memory model
Phonological loop
AO1
Phonological loop processes auditory info
Articulately loop ( inner voice) subvocalises
Phonological store is inner ear and temporarily holds sound
AO3
Paulesu et al 1993
Used PET scan and found Broca’s area was activated in subvocal rehearsal and sumpermarginal gyrus activated in use of phonological store
Shows they are sepeate sub components
Evaluate working memory model
Visuo spatial pad
AO1
Processes visual and spatial info
Used for navigation
Visual input such as images and light, spatial info such as directions
AO3
Not supported by Liberman 1980 who states blind people have good spatial info even tho no visual info.
Argues vss split in 2. 1 for visual and 1 for spatial
Evaluate working memory model
Central executive
AO1
Directs divides and switches attention
Decides how 2 slave systems should function
Involved in tasks such as problem solving
AO3
Baddely et al 1991 supports it
Did verbal and visual tasks on young elderly and Alzheimer’s
A,zehimers did not differ on individual taks but struggled to do it together
Shows separate stm components
Evaluate working memory model
Episodic buffer
AO1
Only refers to stm. No mention of how stm and ltm communicate
A03
Therefore episodic buffer added in 2000
Shows how subcomponents feed and retrieve info from ltm
Evaluate tulving ltm
Ao1 block
AO1
Procedural - responsible for knowing how to do things not involving conscious thought
Semantic - info about the world and involves conscious thought
Episodic - conscious thoughts about life experiences
AO3
Bahrick 1975 supports it
Pps tested on names and faces of ex-classmates after 48 years
Accuracy was 80%semantic and 70% visual
Shows seperate components of ltm
Evaluate tulving ltm
Episodic memory
AO1
Episodic memory are events we have experienced
Dependent on time referencing and perceptually encoded
AO3
Supported by Clive wearing who had brain damage from viral infection
Lost episodic memory has semantic memory
No episodic memory of his wife but has semantic as knows he loves hear
Evaluate tulving ltm
Episodic and semantic seperate
AO1
Tulving states episodic and semantic are seperate components
Dementia causes problems to both types so suggests they are linked
AO3
Squire and Zola 1998 examined children with amnesia (never has semantic store) and adults with amnesia (used to have semantic store)
E and S memories were equally impaired so shows they could be the same thing
Evaluate tulving ltm
Semantic
AO1
It is detached from temporal link and could be recalled without reference to when it was learned but episodic is time referenced
A03
Ostergad 1987 boy who had anoxic episode had impairment to episodic but good semantic
Shows diff memory stores
Evaluate multi store
Intro
Sensory - less than a second
STM - 20 seconds and 7 +/-2
LTM - unlimited duration and capacity
Evaluate multi store
Sensory
AO1
Sensory is iconic or echoic
Passed to stm by attention
AO3
Sperling 1960 showed grid of letters for 0.05 secs. 80% of words were recalled.
All info was held in sensory memory but decayed quickly. Shows sensory stores are large but decay rapidly.
Evaluate multi store
LTM.
AO1
Encoded semantically
Limitless capacity and duration
AO3
Brady 2008 showed pps pairs of objects and they had to identify which one they saw earlier. They were shown 2500 objects in 5.5 hrs. Different = 92%. Similar = 88%. Shows thousands of images can be maintained successfully in ltm.
