Biological

Question 1

Frontal lobe

Answer 1

The frontal lobe is the area behind the forehead and is heavily involved in intellectual activities such as planning and organising, as well as being involved in personality and the control of emotions and behaviour.

Question 2

Temporal lobe

Answer 2

Nestled behind the ears, this area holds the bulk of our memories and our ability to understand things and speak.

Question 3

Parietal lobe

Answer 3

Responsible for perception, spatial awareness, manipulating objects and spelling. Located at the back of the brain above the ears

Question 4

Occipital lobe

Answer 4

At the very back of the head are the occipital lobes, which are responsible for sight. Any injury to this area can cause partial or complete blindness.

Question 5

Cerebellum

Answer 5

The area of the brain that controls muscle movement, balance and coordination.

Question 6

Amygdala

Answer 6

Two almond-shaped structures located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain. Responsible for memory, decision-making and emotional reactions.

Question 7

Brain stem

Answer 7

Includes the midbrain, medulla and pons. Controls breathing, heart rate, consciousness, blood circulation, basic motor responses. Relays sensory information and regulates the sleep-wake cycle

Question 8

Hypothalamus

Answer 8

Controls the pituitary gland in order to regulate temperature, blood pressure, appetite, wakefulness and sexual arousal. It is also involved in some aspects of memory.

Question 9

Pituitary gland

Answer 9

A pea-sized structure located behind the bridge of nose and below the base of the brain it is responsible for producing hormones such as puberty hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone and stress hormones such as cortisol

Question 10

Describe the process of synaptic transmission

Answer 10

Action potential is an electrical impulse which travels along the pre synaptic neuron .
At the end of this neuron are axon terminals which is where the vesicles are located.
When AP reaches vesicles they release neurotransmitters.
They travel along the synapse where they bind to receptors on the post synaptic cleft.

Question 11

How do drugs effect the CNS

Answer 11

Usually dopamine is broken down by enzymes or returns to pre synaptic neutron.
Drugs cause excess dopamine as they block its reuptake which leaves dopamine in the synapse. This also causes the body to produce less dopamine as it has been triggered unnaturally.
Excess dopamine also causes the receptors to downgrade.

Question 12

What do painkillers do?

Answer 12

Interfere with pain messages going to the brain either at the site of pain or the spine.

Question 13

How does alcohol affect the brain?

Answer 13

Releases GABA which blocks seretonin receptors.
Serotonin inhibits mood so blocking it lifts your mood and gives confidence/calming effect.

Question 14

Evolutionary theory of aggression

Answer 14

Humans aims are to survive long enough to pass on genes and to ensure genes live on in their children
If the desire to achieve these goals is not met humans may become aggressive

Question 15

Why does evolutionary theory say humans are aggressive

Answer 15

-compete with other males and ensure reproductive success
-protect females and offspring
-protect and acquire resources

Question 16

What is serotonin?

Answer 16

Neurotransmitter linked to mood.
Serotonin inhibits aggression

Question 17

Low serotonin =

Answer 17

High aggression

Question 18

What is dopamine

Answer 18

Neurotransmitter linked to attention and pleasure.

Question 19

Increased dopamine =

Answer 19

Increased aggression

Question 20

Reasons for male on male aggression

Answer 20

Confidence in paternity and warning to potential rivals

Question 21

Reasons for male on female aggression

Answer 21

Deters the female from engaging in bad behaviour

Question 22

Reasons for male on child aggression

Answer 22

Males reluctant to spend energy in raising others offspring (stepdads)

Question 23

Thanatos

Answer 23

Death instinct

Question 24

Psychodynamic theory:

What is the ID?

Answer 24

Most basic part of the psyche and develops first in babies.
Part of the unconscious mind and what’s what it wants if not becomes frustrated.

Question 25

Psychodynamic theory :

What is the ego?

Answer 25

Exists in conscious mind so understand the outside the world and consequence of actions
Uses deterred gratification to trick ID and understands punishment

Question 26

Psychodynamic theory :

What is the superego?

Answer 26

Uses defence mechanisms to manage aggressive urges from the ID

Question 27

Psychodynamic theory :

What defence mechanisms does the supere ego use

Answer 27

Displacement - let anger out on something else
Sublimation - channel aggressive behaviour to socially acceptable behaviour
Repressed - holding it down
Regression
Catharsis

Question 28

Psychodynamic theory :

Ego
Superego
ID

Answer 28

Ego - reality
Superego - morality
ID - instincts

Question 29

Raine et at (1997):

Aim?

Answer 29

-To find if there was a difference in brain activity if people who have committed murder (NGRI) and non murderers .
-Raine was interested in the role of prefrontal cortex,corpus callosum,amygdala,hypo campus and thalamus

Question 30

Raine et at (1997):

Independent variable

Answer 30

Where participant is offender pleading NGRI to murder or a non-murderer in a control groupn

Question 31

Raine et at (1997):

Sample?

Answer 31

Independent design
82 people,41NGRI,41 non murderers
Experimental group = 6 with schizophrenia, 23 with brain damage, 3 with drug abuse, 2 with epilepsy, 7 with other disorders
Control group = opportunity sample and 6 with schizophrenia

Question 32

Raine et at (1997):

Procedure?

Answer 32

-Raine made sure participants were not on medication for the 2 weeks before - confounding variable
-Participants had 10 mins to practice CPT
-Participants injected with glucose tracker and did CPT for 32 mins

Question 33

Computer assisted tomography scan

Answer 33

Series of x rays and combining them to form 3D pictures of the brain. Radioactive dye injected so highlights parts of the brain

Question 34

Positron emission tomography

Answer 34

Radioactive glucose material injected. Oxygen and glucose accumulate in parts of brain metabolically active
Most active areas of the brain use glucose and radiation detectors can detect the radioactive areas (using the glucose)

Question 35

Magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 35

Magnetic field causes atoms of the brain to change their alignment when magnet is on and emits radio signals when the magnet is turned off. Detector reads the signals and uses them to map structure of brain.

Question 36

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 36

Same as mri but provides antomical and functional info by taking repeated images of the brain.

Question 37

Strengths of correlational research.

Answer 37

Can look at relationships between continuous variables rather then the differences.
Procedures can be repeated again so findings can be confirmed
Researchers can investigate naturally occurring variables that may be unethical to test in lab.

Question 38

Weaknesses of correlational research.

Answer 38

Can’t demonstrate cause/effect relationships
There could be intervening variables which is why the covariables being studied are linked.