Cognitive biases Flashcards

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1
Q

Define cognitive biases.

A
  • errors in which we process information that affect our attention, memory and decision-making
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2
Q

What is an issue with cognitive biases?

A
  • undermine our ability to make rational choices and logical decisions
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3
Q

Why are cognitive biases used for?

A
  • they are shortcuts that help us process incoming information
  • helping us to make decisions quickly
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4
Q

What are three types of cognitive bias?

A
  • fundamental attribution bias
  • hostile attribution bias
  • confirmation bias
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5
Q

What is fundamental attribution bias?

A
  • when individuals overemphasise personal characteristics and ignore situations factors when judging other behaviour
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6
Q

What is an example of fundamental attribution bias?

A
  • quiet person at a party
  • think they are unfriendly when actually they might just be feeling unwell
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7
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A
  • the tendency to search for, interpret and recall information in a way that supports what we already believe
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8
Q

What is examples of confirmation bias?

A
  • political news is biased to organisations beliefs (people watch the news which support their views)
  • horoscopes and finding correct interpretations as there is so many
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9
Q

What is hostile attribution bias?

A
  • a tendency to assume that someone else’s behaviour has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when it is actually neutral
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10
Q

What is an example of hostile attribution bias?

A
  • road rage
  • assuming someone cutting you off is an purpose instead of accidental
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11
Q

What is a piece of research that supports cognitive biases?

A
  • Loftus & Palmer 1974
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12
Q

What is a strength evaluation of cognitive biases?

A
  • applications to real-life behaviour
  • HAB explains aggressive people
  • is then able to prevent behaviours, reduce aggression & conflict
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13
Q

What is a weakness evaluation of cognitive biases?

A
  • FAE is not universal
  • culturally specific not feature of all human behaviour
  • collectivist cultures proritised over individuals needs, tend to attribute behaviour to situational factors not to personality
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