COGNITIVE APPROACH (unit 1)

Question 1

ENCODING

Answer 1

How info gets turned into a memory

Question 2

CAPACITY

Answer 2

How much info gets stored

Question 3

DURATION

Answer 3

How long info can be stored

Question 4

CUE

Answer 4

an object or an event that can trigger a memory.

Question 5

TWO TYPE OF CUES

Answer 5

1. Context
2. State

Question 6

CONTEXT CUES

Answer 6

external e.g environmental

Question 7

STATE CUES

Answer 7

internal e.g mental state

Question 8

SENSORY MEMORY (SM)

Answer 8

ENCODING - senses
CAPACITY - huge capacity
DURATION - milliseconds

Question 9

SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM)

Answer 9

ENCODING - Acoustically
CAPACITY - 7+/-2
DURATION - 30 secs

Question 10

LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM)

Answer 10

ENCODING - SEMANTIC
CAPACITY - UNLIMITED
DURATION - POTENTIALLY A LIFETIME

Question 11

SEMANTIC

Answer 11

Having a meaning or a link to something

Question 12

SCHEMA

Answer 12

A mental structure/package containing our stored knowledge of an aspect of the world

Question 13

3 SCHEMAS

Answer 13

1. SHORTENING
   2.RATIONALISATION
2. CONFABULATION

Question 14

SHORTENING

Answer 14

• Parts of a memory that don’t fit in your schemas are usually left out so what you remember is shorter

Question 15

CONFABULATION

Answer 15

• Parts of a memory are made up to fill in gaps

Question 16

RATIONALISATION

Answer 16

• Parts of a memory are recalled but in a distorted way that fits your schemas

Question 17

COGNITIVE PRIMING

Answer 17

When you see or hear one stimulus (the prime) this affects your response to a later stimulus

Question 18

3 EXAMPLES OF COGNITIVE PRIMING

Answer 18

1. REPITITION
2. ASSOCIATIVE
3. SEMANTIC

Question 19

REPETITION PRIMING

Answer 19

When you experience a stimulus and then experience it later you will identify it quicker because the the info is more accessible
e.g Burger and Chips, Fish and Chips, Kebab and Chips
Almond milk, Whole milk, Soya milk

Question 20

SEMANTIC PRIMING

Answer 20

prime can also mean the same thing as the earlier stimulus
e.g Desk and Table, Computer and Laptop, Sofa Seat Chair

Question 21

ASSOCIATIVE PRIMING

Answer 21

You do not have to experience the same prime just has to be something different
E.g Cat and Mouse, Ant and Dec, Black and White

Question 22

MEMORY SCRIPTS

Answer 22

• contains knowledge of how a social situation plays out
• includes what we can usually expect to happen in a situation and how we should behave

Question 23

PERSON PERCEPTION

Answer 23

when you meet someone you immediately make assumptions about their character based on what you see

Question 24

PERSON SCHEMA

Answer 24

Memories contain our organised knowledge and expectations about other people’s personalities
e.g person who is ‘outgoing’, you would assume as impulsive and loud

Question 25

3 TYPES OF COGNITIVE BIAS

Answer 25

1. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR (FAE)
2. CONFIRMATION BIAS (CB)
3. HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS (HAS)

Question 26

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR (FAE)

Answer 26

• process of trying to explain others behaviour e.g. explaining why someone was later or aggressive
• our expectations are in terms of personal characteristics or situation
• we tend to overemphasise personal characteristics and. downplay the role of the situation

Question 27

CONFIRMATION BIAS (CB)

Answer 27

• We tend to favour info that supports a belief we already have

e.g if you support a football team you are more sensitive to info which agrees to your view on the team

• we notice comfirmatory info more quickly and we store and recall more readilly
• we ignore downplay and reject examples that challenge belief

Question 28

HOSITILE ATTRIBUTION BIAS (HAB)

Answer 28

We wrongly interpret other people’s behaviour threatening (hostile) when it is in fact neutral