Cognition, Consciousness, Language Flashcards
What are the stages of Consciousness?
Awake 1 2 3/4 REM
What EEG waves are present in the awake stage?
beta and alpha
What EEG waves are present in the 1 stage?
theta
What EEG waves are present in the 2 stage?
theta
What EEG waves are present in the 3/4 stage?
delta
What EEG waves are present in the REM stage?
mostly beta
What are the features of the awake stage?
able to perceive, process, access, and express info
What are the features of the 1 stage?
light sleep
What are the features of the 2 stage?
sleep spindles and k complexes
What are the features of the 3/4 stage?
slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
What are the features of the REM stage?
appears awake physiologically, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
What are two types of sleep disorders?
dyssomnias- amount or timing of sleep
parasomnias- odd behaviors during sleep
Examples of dyssomnias?
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation
Examples of parasomnias?
night terrors, sleep walking (somnambulism)
What pathway mediates drug addiction?
mesolimbic pathway which includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area
What is the main neurotransmitter in drug addiction?
dopamine
Examples of depressants?
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazapines
Function of depressants?
sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
Examples of stimulants?
amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
Function of stimulants?
increased arousal
Examples of opiates?
heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills
Function of opiates?
decreased reaction to pain, euphoria
Examples of hallucinogens?
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms
Function of hallucinogens?
distortions of reality and fantasy, introspection
What is the effect of marijuana?
has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens in very high doses
What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Sensorimotor Stage?
focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions, object permanence ends this stage
Preoperational stage?
focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration
Egocentrism?
inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels
Centration?
focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon
Concrete operational stage?
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
Formal operational stage?
focuses on abstract thought and problem solving
What are some problem solving techniques?
trial and error, alogrithms, deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules), inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence), heuristics (rule of thumb), biases, intuition, emotions
Selective attention?
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
Divided attention?
uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
What are the language areas in the brain?
Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Arcuate Fasciculus
Wernickes area? What does damage result in?
language comprehension
wernickes aphasia- fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension
Broca’s area? what does damage result in?
motor function of speech
Brocas aphasia- nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort
Arcuate fasciculus? what does damage result in?
connects wernickes to brocas areas
conduction aphasia- the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension
