Cognition, Consciousness, Language

Question 1

What are the stages of Consciousness?

Answer 1

Awake
1
2
3/4
REM

Question 2

What EEG waves are present in the awake stage?

Answer 2

beta and alpha

Question 3

What EEG waves are present in the 1 stage?

Answer 3

theta

Question 4

What EEG waves are present in the 2 stage?

Answer 4

theta

Question 5

What EEG waves are present in the 3/4 stage?

Answer 5

delta

Question 6

What EEG waves are present in the REM stage?

Answer 6

mostly beta

Question 7

What are the features of the awake stage?

Answer 7

able to perceive, process, access, and express info

Question 8

What are the features of the 1 stage?

Answer 8

light sleep

Question 9

What are the features of the 2 stage?

Answer 9

sleep spindles and k complexes

Question 10

What are the features of the 3/4 stage?

Answer 10

slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

Question 11

What are the features of the REM stage?

Answer 11

appears awake physiologically, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders

Question 12

What are two types of sleep disorders?

Answer 12

dyssomnias- amount or timing of sleep

parasomnias- odd behaviors during sleep

Question 13

Examples of dyssomnias?

Answer 13

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation

Question 14

Examples of parasomnias?

Answer 14

night terrors, sleep walking (somnambulism)

Question 15

What pathway mediates drug addiction?

Answer 15

mesolimbic pathway which includes nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area

Question 16

What is the main neurotransmitter in drug addiction?

Answer 16

dopamine

Question 17

Examples of depressants?

Answer 17

alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazapines

Question 18

Function of depressants?

Answer 18

sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

Question 19

Examples of stimulants?

Answer 19

amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy

Question 20

Function of stimulants?

Answer 20

increased arousal

Question 21

Examples of opiates?

Answer 21

heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills

Question 22

Function of opiates?

Answer 22

decreased reaction to pain, euphoria

Question 23

Examples of hallucinogens?

Answer 23

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms

Question 24

Function of hallucinogens?

Answer 24

distortions of reality and fantasy, introspection

Question 25

What is the effect of marijuana?

Answer 25

has some features of depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens in very high doses

Question 26

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

Answer 26

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

Question 27

Sensorimotor Stage?

Answer 27

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions, object permanence ends this stage

Question 28

Preoperational stage?

Answer 28

focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentrism and centration

Question 29

Egocentrism?

Answer 29

inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels

Question 30

Centration?

Answer 30

focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon

Question 31

Concrete operational stage?

Answer 31

focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects

Question 32

Formal operational stage?

Answer 32

focuses on abstract thought and problem solving

Question 33

What are some problem solving techniques?

Answer 33

trial and error, alogrithms, deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules), inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence), heuristics (rule of thumb), biases, intuition, emotions

Question 34

Selective attention?

Answer 34

allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background

Question 35

Divided attention?

Answer 35

uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time

Question 36

What are the language areas in the brain?

Answer 36

Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
Arcuate Fasciculus

Question 37

Wernickes area? What does damage result in?

Answer 37

language comprehension

wernickes aphasia- fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension

Question 38

Broca’s area? what does damage result in?

Answer 38

motor function of speech

Brocas aphasia- nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort

Question 39

Arcuate fasciculus? what does damage result in?

Answer 39

connects wernickes to brocas areas

conduction aphasia- the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension