Cognition, Consciousness, and Language Flashcards
Characteristics of Awake State
beta and alpha waves
able to perceive, process, access and express information
Stage 1 Sleep
theta waves
light sleep
Stage 2 Sleep
Theta waves
sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 and 4 Sleep
Delta waves
slow-wave sleep, dreams, declatative memory consioldation, some sleep disorders
REM Sleep
beta waves
appears awake physiologically but body paralyzed, dreams, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders
Dyssomnias
Amount or timing of sleep. Includes: insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation
Parasomnias
odd behaviours during sleep. Includes: night tremors, and sleepwalking
Drug Addiction is Mediated by what Pathway
The mesolimbic pathway which includes the nucleus accumbens, medial forebrian bundle, and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is the main neurotransmitter.
Depressants
Includes: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines.
Sense of relaxation and reduces anxiety.
Stimulants
Includes: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
Increased arousal
Opiates/Opiods
Includes: heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills
Decreased reaction to pain; euphoria
Hallucinogens
Includes: LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms
Distortions of reality and fantasy; introspection
Marijuana Effects
Some features of depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens in very high doses
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
Preoperational Stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions; object permanence ends this stage
Preoperational Stage
focuses on symbolic thinking , egocentrism (inability to imagine what another person thinks or feels), and centration (focusing on only one aspect of a phenomenon)
Concrete Operational Stage
focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical objects
Formal Operational Stage
focuses on abstract thought and problem-solving
Deductive Reasoning
deriving conclusions from general rules
Inductive Reasoning
deriving generalizations form evidence
Heuristics
simplified principles used to make decisions “rules of thumb”
Selective Attention
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli require attention in the background
Divided Attention
uses automatic processing to pat attention to multiple activities at once
Wernicke’s Area
language and comprehension, damage results in Wernicke’s Aphasia (fluent nonsensicle aphasia with lack of comprehension)
Broca’s Area
motor function of speech, damage results in Broca’s Aphasia (nonfluent aphasia in which generating each word requires great effort)
Arcuate Fasciculus
connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas, damage results in conduction aphasia (the inability to repeat words despite intact speech generation and comprehension)
