Cognition Chapter 14 (Emotions) Flashcards
How is Phineas cage related
He is a case where a pole went through his head (the front part of the left frontal lobe)
He was normal, but his emotions were different
- He was more angry
- He couldn’t carry out plans anymore
- ->This proved that the brain is related to emotion and personality
What is different with patient with frontal damage
People have Difficulties to read facial expression
Have difficulties with social interaction
No real emotions
One known case is always in neutral
How are emotions and attention related
Stimuli related to emotions attract attention
There are 3 tasks that show this
This can be evolutionary very useful because it can
- faciliate behaviour
- interfere with current behaviour
Explain the dot probe task and anxiety and its result
Participants saw pairs of images (one spider other flower)
After that a dot appears
People have to indicate where it is
Results are that people respond faster when the dot is at a feared position
The bigger the fear that larger this effect was, even though it doesnt work with snakes
Explain the visual search task and its result
9 pictures appear at the same time
One of them was a different category
People have to press a button when one picture was different
People are faster at detecting a feared picture among neutral ones than the other way around
Explain the emotional stroop task and its result
People see a field of words with colours and have to tell the colour
It is easier to name the colour of desirable words compared to undesirable words
–> undesirable words attact attention and are harder to ignore
Explain the Emotion and perception task (Phelp) and its result
There are 5 slides shown for different amount of time
One with a cue (fearful or neutral face)
One with 4 pairs of lines (of which one is slanted //)
Participants could detect location of slanted line if there was a fearful face before
–> perception system works better when there is emotions
This works more when the face is at the position of the stimulus than there are 4 faces
–> interaction between processing of emotions and visual attention
Explain the interaction between emotions and memory
Does an intense situation pave the way for a special kind of memory
These are flashbulb memories
They show that there is an interaction between emotion and memory
Example of the bijlmer disaster
People reported to see a vidoe of the event even tho there was none
This shows that flashbulb memories can be untrue and implanted
But here self monitoring may play a role because people don’t want to seem uninterested (participant expectancy effect)
Explain the experiment involving Tunnel memory and its result
In an experiment half of participants watched a video of a man stealing a woman’s handbag
The other half watched a video of the man picking up the handbag for the woman
The first group knew more about the actor
The second group more about the things that happened
In a line up the first group performed worse than the second one
What is a Tunnel memory and the effect of weapon focus
People who see an event and connect it with emotion can easier describe and remember the perpretrator BUT are worse at recognising him (identify more innocent persons)
In weapon focus Eye witnesses are better at describing the weapon than the face of a perpetrator
What is the mood crugency effect and its network model
When your emotions make you remember more memories where you had similar emotions
Happy memories are connected to happy emotion nodes
What are state dependent memories and its network model
When people have better memory of a memory when the emotion of it matches the emotion of the person
Here The emotion is encoded as a property of a memory
What are mood incongruence effexts
When negative mood sometimes leads to positive memories
This may be because of the affect infusion model
Constructive and motivated processes
Explain the experiment about affect and emotion involving the octagons and its resuls
When showing people 2 pictures and then ask them which ones they have seen before they don’t know,
But if you ask them which they like more, they will pick the one they have seen before
–> Mere exposure causes positive emotions
How is emotions related to the body and external factors
- one model is: first physical reactions, then emotions,
- there are models where you feel warmth in the body according to emotion
Explain the adrenaline injection experiment and its results
Participants are injected with adrenaline
One group was told there are arousal side effects
Other group not
The uninformed group felt more emotions (like the person they spend time with) than the informed one
–> appraisal key determinant
What is are the three stages of appraisal
- Primary (direct reaction)
- Secondary (can deal with it)
- Reappraisal (keeps track of everything until everything is back to normal)
What is the multi levels theory
There are cortical and subcortical processes in reactions involved in appraisal (seeing a snake)
Why do we have emotions in the first place (4 components)
Emotions contain action tendency which tell you how to behave
Other components are
1.) Somantic (activation of body)
2.) Subjective experience (actual experience)
3.) Cognitive (appraisal)
4.) Motivational behaviour (action tendency)
What are characteristics of Flashbulb memories
Flashbulb memories can be untrue and implanted
People here have better memory for central details but at the expense of unimportant aspects
What is appraisal and what are the three components of it
It is the interpretation and assessment of the stimuli
1. Physical reactions
2. Cognition (in the form of appraisal)
3. Experience
Appraisal can happen consciously and unconsciously
What are the two stages of how emotions are produced
- Appraisal (Bewertung)
2. Emotional reaction which constists of feelings and physical reactions
What happens to facial expressions when people try to fake expressions
There are more inconsistent expressions
There is increased blinking rate
its easier to make neutral face to mask than to fake another expression
Detecting masked expressions can easily be learned
Does expressing anger reduce it?
No, a study has shown that expressing anger on a punching bag while thinking about the incident only increases it…
Punching a bag but not thinking about it is better, but not doing anything was the best way to reduce anger overall
What is the best way to interview an eyewitness (4 components)
its the cognitive interview:
- restoring the situation
- letting them report everything
- letting them report everything in different orders
- changing the perspectives
