Cognition Chapter 13 (Language Comprehension) Flashcards
What is the invariance problem and its 3 aspects
We hear the same phoneme despite
1.) physicial differences in different words
2.) Difference between speakers (accents)
3.) difference within a speaker (coarticulation)
Speecg sounds appear to be constant but they are not
What is the McGurk effect
When you are able to hear lips and see voices
Seeing Lips pronounce something different than said results in different perceptiom
BA and GA result in DA
Visual information is automatically integrated in the speech perception process
What is the minds solution to the invariance problem
It uses categorical perception
It uses the context
-visual
-auditory (rest of word/sentence) and top down processing
What happens when you let a human listen to a gradual change of speech sounds (BA to GA)
The change is noticed at one certain moment, even tho its changing gradualy
What is the phonemic restoration effect and what does it prove
Its when you listen to a sentence where a phoneme is not said but still heard
This proves that there is top down processing
Similar in visual illusions
What are regular and irregular letter-sound relation
When the written words are pronounced different that they are written it is irregular
A is car vs care
Explain the dual route model
There are two routes from script to sound
- ) graphemephoneme conversion (just speaking what you are reading)
- ) Mental dicitonary (prior knowledge (semantic))
What is Alexia and what are the 3 types of ot
It is acquired dyslexia (brain injury)
- ) Surface dyslexia
- ) Phonological (deep) dyslexia
- ) Non-semantic reading
What is Surface dyslexia
When a person has difficulties with reading and meaning (wrong pronounciation of irregular words
–> mental dictionary/lexicon is impared
What is Phonological dyslexia
When a perosn cannot read nonwords
–> the grapheme phoneme conversion is impaired
readers have to guess
What is Nonsemantic dyslexia
When a person cannot comprehend words that are written
–> route to semantic system is impaired
What is innate dyslexia
When reading did not develop normally which may be caused by
- motivation
- intelligence
- sight
- social development
They then have problems turning letters into sounds
What is the basic idea of auditory word recognition and what is the uniqueness point
Its idea is that all words which are compatible with the sounds heard are active
First there is bottom up information but then top down
The uniqueness point is the point where there is only one word possible to be understand
Explain the Cohort model in auditory word recognition
When the words are sorted out the more phonemes are said (like autocorrection)
Explain the Trace model in auditory word recognition
Features activate phonemes
phonemes activate and inhibit other words
Words inhibit other words, and inhibit/activate phonemes
What is pure word deafness (pure auditory verbal agnosia
When patients cannot recognize speech sounds
They can still speak read and write
Here the auditory signal analysis is inhibited
What is pure word meaning deafness
When people are able to hear repead and write down words (can still do auditory lexical decision task) but are unable to comprehend what is being said
Here the path to the semantic system is broken
What are ear slips
When you hear words with meanings in names or other hard comprehendable stuff
(Mondegreens)
–> people look for word meanings
How do you see that syntax determines roles in sentences
When there are reversible passives (the lion was killed by the leopard)
People with brocas aphasias cannot understand this
What is parsing
When you analyse a sentence in a kind of tree diagramm
What is a garden path sentences and what does it show
Its a grammatically correct sentence which is hard to understand at first
That there is semantic reinterpretation which means that not ony the syntax but also the interpretation matters when assigning meaning
What is ambiguity
When a word can be interpretated in 2 ways
The police shot the rioters with guns.
These words are then homonyms as they have the same sound
When reading a sentence, do we at first always deduct the syntactic structure?
No, we also look for meaning and choose the most simple structure
What are ERPs and what is the N400 and the P600 effect
ERPs are Event related potentials
They are the brain signals that are registered AFTER a stimulus is presented
N400 is when there is a Semantic error (negative)
P600 is when there is a syntactic error (positive)
What is the segmentation problem
How people are able to hear words in a continuous string of speech
What is the foreign language syndrome
When people aquire accents because of brain injury (brocas aphasia)
What is the underlying use of “ähm” or other speech dysfluency
They may signal that a unusual word is following and “prepare” the listener for this
What is the right ear advantage
Speech sounds are better processed in a specific ear, mostly in the right one compared to the left
What is a lexical decision task
its a task where participants are shown a letter string and must decide if its a word
What is the lexical access
The process of finding knowledge about stored words
*What are dogs better at than most other animals in language
They are considerably better at understanding what is wanted from them with gestures or vocalizations when finding something, which may have been developed when dogs were living with humans together
Whats a grapheme
The written representation of a phoneme
What is saccades and fixiation
Saccades is the eye movement when reading something
Fixiation is staying at one part for a bit
