Cognition Chapter 11 (Reasoning)

Question 1

What does an argument consist of

Answer 1

1. Premisis (proposition about something being true or false)
2. Signal word (therefore, because, so, etc) (sometimes left out)
3. Conclusion (also a kind of proposition)
   –> you draw the conclusion from the premisis
   premisis can also come after conclusion

Question 2

define reasoning

Answer 2

the cognitive process of deriving new information from old information

Question 3

Explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

Answer 3

Deductive is when making new facts from theories (A ball is round, every ball can be played with, every round object can be played with)
Inductive is when making theories from observations (3 of my brothers are smart, all brothers are smart)

Question 4

What kind of deductive arguments are there

Answer 4

1. popositional reasoning (conditional rules, premisis have “if…then” in them)
2. syllogistic reasoning (statements about groups and categories)

Question 5

What does an argument consist of

Answer 5

1. Premises (propositions about truth or false)
2. Signal word (so, because, therefore…) (might be absent)
3. Conclusion (also a kind of preposition)

Question 6

How do you reason if an argument is true (2 steps)

Answer 6

1. Are the premises true
2. Does the conclusion follow logically from the premises
   This mental skill is evaluation
   Venn Diagramms may really help

Question 7

What are the 2 inference mistakes

Answer 7

1. confirm the consequent (if A then B; if B is true –> A is true)
2. denying the antecedent (if A then B; if A false –> B is false)

Question 8

What is

Answer 8

.

Question 9

Whats an euler diagram

Answer 9

its a kind of venn diagramm

Question 10

What is propositional reasoning

Answer 10

It is formal reasoning with logic

Question 11

What are the 3 inference rules

Answer 11

modus ponens (if A then B; if A is true --> B is also true)
modus tollens (if A then B; if A is false --> B is also false)
double negation (A is not false; B --> true)

Question 12

Why is confirming the consequent or deniying the antecendent so hard?

Answer 12

Because people often interpret the premisis wrong. They take words to important

Question 13

What are suppression effects

Answer 13

When additional premisis give the participant better hints to supress an error
The shape of content and premisis may supress the right interpretation

Question 14

what is the mental models approach

Answer 14

reasoing with mental images (like venn diagrams)
storing mental images of things that are true to associate with prepositions
(saves working memory but may cause mistakes)

Question 15

What are syllogisms

Answer 15

When porpositions are about category membership
Words like all, some or none
All A is B

Question 16

What are belief biases

Answer 16

When the conclusion seems true in your real world so you accept it even tho its invalid

Question 17

What is the atmosphere effect

Answer 17

The people draw an invalid conclusion because it matches the premise in form (all, some, no)

Question 18

Explain inductive reasoning

Answer 18

two aspects

1. Does the conclusion follow logically from the premisis given that the premisis are true

Question 19

What is the figural bias

Answer 19

People tend to connnect sets in a simple way

Question 20

Whats a matching bias

Answer 20

matching the elements from the questions on behaviour

Question 21

What is social contract theory

Answer 21

when people use deontic rules to see what is allowed or mandatory
People are good at this because of evolution

Question 22

What is special about mental illnesses and reasoning

Answer 22

Obsessive compulsory disorders and depression cause better reasoning regarding their illness related material

Question 23

What is the wason selection task

Answer 23

cards with letters and numbers on each side
the hypothesis is that if there is a vowel on one side there is an even number on the other
–> this often leads to confirmation bias

Question 24

What did the 2-4-6 dice experiment find

Answer 24

Peoeple are way better at reasoning when they can test externally (with dice etc) than when they have to do it internally with working memory