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Jonathan's Neuroscience > Cognition > Flashcards

Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

sensory and neural encoding of incoming physical information

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

How is cognition related to sensation and perception?

A

sensation constructs perception, and cognition integrates different perceptions to make meaning

Conversely, higher cognition - our thoughts - can also influence the way we sense

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4
Q

Why is it useful to study cognition?

A

1) diagnosis, such that cognition breaks down in specific pattern if brain is damaged
2) understand the best approach in treating patients, thus improving patient outcome

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5
Q

How is cognition studied in animals and humans?

A

animals - lesion studies

humans - case studies

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6
Q

What is an example of lateralisation of brain function?

A

left hemi for language, right hemi for visuospatial function

Note that this is not absolute and does not take into account the individual differences

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7
Q

In Luria’s brain-behaviour theory, what are the basic units and what are their functions?

A

brainstem - regulation of arousal and muscle tone

posterior cortical zone - governing sensory information

anterior cortical zone - planning, executing and verifying behaviour

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8
Q

The cortical zones are separated into primary, secondary and tertiary zones, which zone is most topologically organised? Which one develops the latest?

A

primary zone

tertiary zone develops the latest

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9
Q

Why is cognition usually not one-to-one with the respective brain area?

A

cognition is a system, and damaging any part of the system can cause impairment

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10
Q

What is the adaptive significance of emotion?

A

we can recognise the emotion of others and respond with emotions of our own

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11
Q

Which system is involved in emotion? Which areas are within this system?

A

limbic system, consisting of cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome? What kind of symptom does the animal experience?

A

bilateral anterior temporal lobe removal

symptoms include tameness or loss of fear due to amygdala dysfunction

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13
Q

What is the role of orbitofrontal cortex in emotion?

A

identification and expression of emotion (you can still feel it)

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14
Q

Is emotion lateralised?

A

Yes, lesion to right orbitofrontal cortex is worse than that of the left

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15
Q

The reduction of which three areas tend to be related to depression?

A

Amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus

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16
Q

What is the executive function of frontal lobe?

A

processes responsible for goal directed, purposeful, emotional, and social behaviour

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17
Q

the pre-frontal cortex is divided into which three sub-cortex?

A

dorsolateral cortex
medial prefrontal cortex
orbitofrontal PFC

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18
Q

List the functions of dorsolateral cortex

A 
working memory 
response selection 
planning and organising 
hypothesis generation 
insight 
moral judgment
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19
Q

What is response selection?

A

the ability to change response (strategy) in order to solve a problem

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20
Q

What is insight? What is “insightless”?

A

the ability to recognise the problem

Cannot recognise the problem, think they are fine. Treatment is thus very difficult

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21
Q

what is the blood supply for dorsolateral cortex?

A

middle cerebral artery

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22
Q

What is working memory?

A

capacity to keep info in mind and use it

like remembering digits in reverse, which is taking in information and manipulate it

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23
Q

What is medial prefrontal cortex’s function?

A

associated with emotion and motivation

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24
Q

What will a MPFC lesion result in?

A

akinetic mutism, apathy, initiative, indifference
don’t talk, don’t initiate, general lack of engagement
note that the motor programs are intact, and this is not a mood issue or depression

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25
Q

Do MPFC share some functions with orbito PFC?

A

Yes, some emotional, motor and attention programs are also associated with OPFC

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26
Q

Which area is highly connected to orbito PFC?

A

the limbic area, associated with emotional process

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27
Q

What will a lesion in OPFC result in?

A

lack of inhibition on emotion, cognitive function and social responses. Tend to be very impulsive, cry and laugh inappropriately

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28
Q

What is cognitive disinhibition

A

defect associated with OPFC. It describes the failure to stop a task

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29
Q

T/F OPFC lesion causes the patient to make a lot of mistakes

A

True, patients tend to take a short time to make decisions and make a lot of mistakes

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30
Q

What is the blood supply for MPFC?

A

supplied by anterior cerebral artery

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31
Q

what is the blood supply for OPFC?

A

anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

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32
Q

The frontal lobe is ______ in terms of maturation and also degenerates the _______

A

slowest

fastest

33
Q

Why are teenagers more likely to engage in risky behaviours

A

because frontal cortex is not fully developed, there unable to make the right decision

34
Q

Why is “executive dysfunction” a better term than “frontal dysfunction”

A

you can damage other places in the brain to get cognitive dysfunction. Frontal implies that the lesion is specially in the frontal lobe

35
Q

what are some positive symptoms of executive dysfunction

A 
distractibility 
social disinhibition 
emotional instability 
perservation 
impulsivity 
hypergraphia
36
Q

what is perservation

A

unable to stop doing a task and move on

keep doing the task even if it is done (you just repeat)

37
Q

what are some negative symptoms of executive dysfunction

A 
lack of concern 
restricted emotion
deficient empathy 
failure to complete task (not the same as "finish" task)
lack of initiation
38
Q

What does the tower of London test for?

A

ability to plan

39
Q

What does the stroop test test for?

A

ability to inhibit a response

40
Q

What does the Rey complex figure test test for?

A

ability to plan

41
Q

What is aphasia?

A

disorders of language as a result of brain damage

42
Q

What are some causes of acute aphasia?

A

stroke
penetrating head injury
surgical resection

43
Q

What kind of aphasia can a migraine patients have?

A

paroxysmal episodic

44
Q

Which hemisphere is important in language for the majority of people

A

left

45
Q

What is the role of right hemisphere for language in people who are left brain dominant

A

It plays a role in understanding language: the tone, interpretation, and the social aspect of language

46
Q

What are the two components of language system?

A

language production - construct sentences that make grammatical sense

language selection - choosing appropriate content

47
Q

What is fluent aphasia?

A

Due to a Wernicke’s lesion, there is impaired selection of content. Sentences have proper grammar, but the content makes no sense

48
Q

What is non-fluent aphasia

A

Due to a Broca’s lesion, there is loss of grammatical structure in the sentences, but there is intact selection of content

49
Q

What is arcuate fasciculus?

A

a hypothetical tract that links Wenicke’s to motor/premotor and Broca’s area

50
Q

One of the syndromes of Wenicke’s aphasia is fluent jargonistic language output, what are the two types?

A

Neologism - consistently use a made up word

Paraphasic error - use boap instead of boat, elevator instead of escalator

51
Q

What are the other syndromes of Wenicke’s aphasia?

A

fluent jargonistic language output
impaired comprehension
right quadrantanosia, because lesion is often associated with visual tract

52
Q

What are the syndromes of Broca’s aphasia?

A

non-fluent, effortful language output
telegrammatic (brief sentences)
preserved comprehension (thus very distressing)
right face and arm weakness (very close to motor cortex)

key words are preserved

53
Q

What is conduction aphasia caused by?

A

lesion in the arcuate fasciculus

54
Q

What are the two mechanisms of aphasia recovery?

A

contralateral transfer (occurs more in children)

ipsilateral re-organisation (reorganise function to surrounding area)

55
Q

Which mechanism leads to best aphasia recovery?

A

bilateral reorganisation - a combination of contralateral transfer and ipsilateral re-organisation

56
Q

T/F bilateral temporal lobe resection is common

A

False, although unitemporal resection is common

57
Q

T/F retrograde amnesia can recover overtime

A

True, patients can shorten the retrograde amnesia state overtime

58
Q

T/F Procedural memory and working memory will be lost if we remove the inferior temporal lobe

A

False, patients generally lose only the ability of forming new long memory

59
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

unconscious memory like skills and habits

60
Q

What is declarative memory? What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

memory that we can consciously recall as knowledge

episodic - events in time related to you as a person
semantic - non-contextual facts

61
Q

What are the three major parts of the hippocampal system? What are their functions?

A

hippocampus - consolidation of memory

entorhinal cortex + perirhinal cortex - take up memory

62
Q

How is memory lateralised in a left brain dominant individual?

A

verbal memory lateralised to the left

non-verbal memory lateralised to the right. Right side is more to do with visuo-spatial association and face recall

63
Q

What is paired associate learning and what can it be used for

A

give unrelated words (table + grass) and ask patients to learn the unrelated association

it’s the best way to assess declarative memory.

64
Q

what are the four possible categories of memory impairment

A

degenerative disorder
cerebrovascular disorder
transient disorder
surgical resection

65
Q

What is the specific pathology of temporal lobe epilepsy

A

hippocampal sclerosis, tissue is atrophied, gliosis and hardening of hippocampus

66
Q

What is the clinical presentation of temporal lobe epilepsy?

A

declarative memory disturbance

67
Q

Lesions in which 5 other structures can cause amnesia?

A 
mammillary bodies 
retrosplenial cortex
mesial temporal region 
bilateral anterior thalamus lesion
basal forebrain
68
Q

What is the difference between H.M’s amnesia and transient global amnesia?

A

TGA has a very sudden on-set and there is no disruption of self-identity

69
Q

T/F post-traumatic amnesia can spontaneously resolve

A

True, and the duration is an assessment of the severity

70
Q

What is the most important risk factor of Alzheimer’s?

A

age

71
Q

How do patients with mild cognitive impairment present?

A

self-reported short history
mild objective memory impairment
unaffected general cognitive function and ability to perform daily tasks

72
Q

T/F asymptomatic Alzheimer’s patients will have plaques in the neocortical association cortex

A

False, they only have plaques in the transentorhinal region

73
Q

What is the first cognitive test to diagnose someone who may have Alzheimer’s?

A

paired associated learning test

74
Q

How do you differentiate mild cognitive impairment and anxiety disorder in an interview?

A

with MCI, you specifically do badly in episodic memory. With anxiety disorder, you tend to do badly across the board

75
Q

How is cognitive rehab done in the modern days?

A

active participation model with main goal being recovering skills related to daily tasks.

It focuses on enhancing participation and reducing functional limitations

76
Q

T/F cognitive impairment is often linked to anxiety and depression

A

True, post-stroke depression for example is very common

77
Q

What are the two categories of cognitive interventions

A

environmental modification and compensatory strategies

78
Q

What kind of environment tend to help brain recovery

A

dark, quiet environment

79
Q

what are the two strategies of compensatory cognitive intervention

A

internal - improve one skill set so other skills can be used
external - use cues to aid deficit (diaries, apps)

Jonathan's Neuroscience (22 decks)

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