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Jonathan's Neuroscience > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of skull bones?

A

Cranium and facial bones

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2
Q

Describe the layers of the cranial bones

A

an external and an internal layer of compact bone, with spongy bone (diploe bone) inbetween

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3
Q

What are the four sutures of the cranium?

A

coronal suture anteriorly
sagittal suture in the midline
lambdoid suture between parietal and occipital (coronal as well)
pterion suture

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4
Q

What is the pterion suture bound by?

A

frontal bone supero-anterior
sphenoid bone infero-anterior
parietal bone supero-posterior
temporal bone infero-posterior

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5
Q

Which artery lies under the pterion suture?

A

middle meningeal artery

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6
Q

What are the two parts of frontal bone? and what is name of the junction between the two parts?

A

vertical part forming the forehead
horizontal part forming the roof of the orbits

superior orbital margin

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7
Q

T/F is the parietal bone completely flat?

A

No, it is mostly flat, but moulds to the shape of the brain

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8
Q

What is one prominent landmark of occipital bone

A

external occipital protuberance

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9
Q

What are the five parts of the temporal bone

A

1) flat squamous part
2) anterior projection, the zygomatic process
3) posterior projection, the mastoid process
4) styloid process inferiorly
5) petrous part, inward projection

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10
Q

Where does a depressed fracture of the cheek occur?

A

at the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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11
Q

What is special about the mastoid process?

A

it is thick and full of air space

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12
Q

What is special about the styloid process?

A

gives attachment for muscles of the oral cavity and the pharynx

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13
Q

Sphenoid bone looks like a bat. What are the 3 major parts?

A

body, lesser wing antero-superiorly, greater wing inferior to lesser wing

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14
Q

What is found in the body of sphenoid bone, where there is a depression?

A

the pituitary gland

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15
Q

Not very relevant - body of the sphenoid is also known as?

A

Sella turcica

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16
Q

What divides the greater and lesser wings

A

superior orbital fissure

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the two major parts of ethmoid bone in the cranial floor?

A

1) cribiform plate: with little holes for olfactory nerve fibres
2) crista galli, the middle segment that pokes up

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18
Q

What is within the

1) anterior cranial fossa
2) middle cranial fossa
3) posterior cranial fossa

A

1) horizontal plate of frontal bone, cribiform plate of ethmoid, lesser wing
2) greater wing, petrous part of temporal, with the wedge forming boundary to posterior cranial fossa
3) occipital bone

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19
Q

which cranial fossa is superior orbital fissure found?

A

middle

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20
Q

What is special about superior orbital fissure

A

it provides direct communication between orbit to cranial cavity

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21
Q

Superior orbital fissure is the beginning of an arch of foramina. What are the foraminae?

A

foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

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22
Q

Where is the optic canal?

A

medial to the superior orbital fissure, in the lateral body of the sphenoid

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23
Q

Where is foramen lacerum? What goes through the foramen?

A

at the medial junction between greater wing and petrous wedge. Medial to both foramen ovale and spinosum

Nothing goes through. It is covered by a membrane when meninges is intact

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24
Q

There are three foramens in the petrous wedge of posterior cranial fossa, what are they?

A

internal auditory meatus, jugular foramen inferior to the meatus, and hypoglossal foramen medial to jugular foramen

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25
Q

What is the central large opening found in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

foramen magnum

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26
Q

From superficial to deep, list out all layers of structures + potential spaces from the skull onward

A

cortical bone, diploe bone, cortical bone, extra-dural space, dura, sub-dural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia, brain tissue

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27
Q

Out of the three spaces in the meninges, which one is an actual space (not a potential space)

A

sub-arachnoid space, for CSF collection

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28
Q

What are dural septa?

A

dural projections into the sub-divisions of cranial cavity

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29
Q

what is the function of dural septa

A

restrict rotational forces and displacement of the brain in response to trauma

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30
Q

Name the three main dural septa

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

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31
Q

Where is the falx cerebri? What are the attachments?

A

in the midline between two cerebral hemispheres

Crista galli and cribiform plate anteriorly, along the sagittal plane, then to the occipital protuberance

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32
Q

which plane is tentorium cerebelli in?

A

the horizontal plane

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33
Q

tentorium cerebelli provides the roof for _______, separating _______ above from ________ below

A

posterior cranial fossa
occipital lobe
cerebellum

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34
Q

Falx cerebelli is found beneath the __________, and is also in the ________ plane, same as _________

A

tentorium cerebelli
sagittal
falx cerebri

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35
Q

Do the dural septa separate the hemispheres completely?

A

no, they only project part-way

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36
Q

What is the name of the dural fold over the body of sphenoid?

A

diaphragma sellae

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37
Q

What structure does diaphragma sellae enclose? What pierces through it?

A

pituitary gland

the infundibulum of the pituitary

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38
Q

what are the two layers of dura mater?

A

outer periosteal layer and inner meningeal layer

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39
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

endothelial lined spaces that exist between the outer and inner layers of dura which are associated with dural projections

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40
Q

Where do dural venous sinus receive blood from? What is the significance of it?

A

veins of the brain
spongy bones via diploic veins
exterior skull via emissary vein

infection of skull wound can spread into venous sinus to meningitus or encephalitis

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41
Q

What is the name of dural sinus at the top of falx cerebri?

A

superior sagittal sinus

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42
Q

where is the inferior sagittal sinus?

A

at the inferior margin of falx cerebri

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43
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus joins the ________ to form the _________

A

great cerebral vein

straight sinus

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44
Q

where does the straight sinus run?

A

in the inferior margin of falx cerebri, where it meets the tentorium

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45
Q

where does the superior sagittal sinus meet the straight sinus?

A

at the confluence of sinuses

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46
Q

T/F a lot more blood is collected posteriorly

A

True

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47
Q

Where do the right and left transverse sinuses run?

A

around the margin of tentorium

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48
Q

where do the transverse sinuses drain from?

A

the confluence of sinuses

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49
Q

What is the major branch of transverse sinus. Where does it drain into?

A

sigmoid sinus down the jugular foramen into the internal jugular vein

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50
Q

What are the two minor branches of the transverse sinus?

A

superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

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51
Q

Where does the superior petrosal sinus drain into

A

into the cavernous sinus

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52
Q

what gives the vascular supply for the skull and meninges?

A

Small meningeal artery

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53
Q

Which artery provides the most important supply for the skull and meninges? It is a branch of which artery?

A

Middle meningeal artery

maxillary artery

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54
Q

Middle meningeal artery is likely to be damaged with a fractured ______

A

pterion suture

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55
Q

How do arteries from outside the skill enter the brain?

A

via the foramen spinosum into the middle cranial fossa

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56
Q

How does middle meningeal artery branch out from the pterion?

A

it splits into anterior and posterior divisions and groove the interal aspect of the skull

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57
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery lie? A fractured pterion is likely to cause _________

A

in the extra-dural space

extra-dural haematoma

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58
Q

Why can a tear in superior sagittal sinus be self-limiting

A

a tear will cause sub-dural haemorrhage, and because it’s venous blood, it is at a much lower pressure, therefore it can be self-limiting

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59
Q

What are the borders of the scalp?

A

it extends from external occipital protuberance to supraorbital margin, over the zygomatic arches laterally

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60
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp?

A 
skin 
connective tissue 
aponeurosis 
loose connective tissue 
pericranium
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61
Q

Which layer contains the neurovascular structure?

A

the connective tissue

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62
Q

what is the aponeurosis layer of the scalp made of?

A

occipital-frontalis, with an anterior frontalis belly and a posterior occipital belly

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63
Q

What is the function of occipital-frontalis

A

it’s the layer of muscle that moves the scalp. I.e raise the eyebrow

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64
Q

what is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

allow the superficial layers to slide over the pericranium

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65
Q

What is the significance of the rich blood supply over the connective tissue layer?

A

with laceration, there can be profuse bleeding

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66
Q

What are the three reasons contributing to severe bleeding due to surface laceration?

A

Rich anastamoses

frontalis and occipitalis pull the wound apart

tissue fibrous septa adhere to vessels so they are unable to constrict and promote clotting

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67
Q

What is the difference between the layers of scalp and face

A

the face does not have loose connective tissue

facial muscles replace the aponeurosis

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68
Q

what are the groups of facial muscles?

A

circular muscles as sphincters

longitudinal muscles as dilators, which can be either depressors or levators

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69
Q

What are the attachments of the facial muscles

A

skin superficially and fascia deeply

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70
Q

What is the embryonic origin of facial muscle? Where nerve supplies the muscles?

A

from the 2nd pharyngeal arch, supplied by CNVII

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71
Q

Describe the sensory supply for the head

A

trigeminal nerve supplies everything in front of the ear, C2 and C3 supply everything behind the ear

(cervical plexus was not mentioned)

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72
Q

What is trigeminal neurogia?

A

syndrome characterised by brief episodes of intense pain over one of the division of CNV

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73
Q

where is the CNV ganglion?

A

in the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone

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74
Q

CNV has three divisions, which foramina do they go through?

A

opthalmic - superior orbital margin

maxillary - foramen rotundum

mandibular - foramen ovale

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75
Q

what are the main arteries from internal carotid that are supplying the face?

A

supra-orbital branch and supra-trochlear branch

They are branches of opthalmic artery

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76
Q

What is the most important branch from the external carotid artery supplying the face? Describe its course

A

facial artery

it runs in a tortuous course from the inferior angle of mandible to the medial angle of the eye

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77
Q

What are the four branches of the external carotid artery beyond the facial artery?

A

posterior auricular artery
occipital artery
superficial temporal artery
maxillary artery

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78
Q

what is the major venous drainage for the face? How is it different to facial artery?

A

the facial vein, which is posterior to facial artery

it is straighter

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79
Q

Where are emissonary veins located on the face? What is the significance?

A

in a triangular area in the centre of the face

some blood drains into the cavernous sinus so the wounds within the area must be carefully treated

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80
Q

from front to back, list the lymph nodes of the face

A 
submental, under the chin
submandibular, under the mandible
pre-auricular 
parotid 
posterior auricular 
occipital
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81
Q

Where do the lymph drainage of the face go to?

A

all drain into cervical nodes in the neck

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82
Q

what is the function of parotid gland?

A

secretion of saliva

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83
Q

where is it located?

A 
inferior to zygomatic process 
anterior to mastoid process 
superior to angle of mandible 
posterior to masseter 
superficial to styloid process
84
Q

what is it wrapped in? what is the significance?

A

it is wrapped in parotid fascia

in patients with mumps, there can be extreme pain because the fascia allows the internal pressure to build up

85
Q

describe the course of the parotid duct

A

emerge from the anterior border of the parotid gland and runs superficial to masseter until its anterior edge. It then pierces the buccinator to enter the oral cavity near the second upper molar

86
Q

what are the structures wtihin the parotid gland from superficial to deep

A

facial nerve
retro-mandibular vein
external carotid artery

87
Q

where are the lymph nodes in the parotid? what is the significance?

A

scattered throughout the gland.

In patient with cancer, if the surgeon needs to operate on the parotid, the nerve, vein and artery can potentially be in danger

88
Q

where does the facial nerve exit

A

stylomastoid foramen between mastoid and styloid process

89
Q

what branches does the facial nerve give?

A

posterior auricular branch to back of the scalp

pes anserinus anteriorly in the substance of parotid

90
Q

what muscles does the posterior auricular branch innervate?

A

occipitalis, digastric and stylohyoid

91
Q

what are the five branches of pes anserinus

A 
temporal 
zygomatic 
buccal
mandibular 
cervical
92
Q

what is the retromandibular vein formed by?

A

superficial temporal artery superiorly and maxillary vein anteriorly

93
Q

what does facial nerve injury cause?

A

facial droop, partial or complete paralysis

94
Q

what’s the most common cause of facial nerve injury?

A

bell’s palsy

95
Q

What causes cleft lip and palate?

A

failure of the facial process to merge around either side of the pre-maxilla

96
Q

What are the three major components of outer ear?

A

auricle, lobule, and external auditory meatus

97
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

collecting sound and directing it to the ear

98
Q

T/F the entire external auditory meatus is cartilaginous

A

False, the medial 2/3 is bony

99
Q

What is the sensory supply for the external auditory meatus?

A

vagus - posterior and inferior

auriculotemporal nerve of trigem - anterior and superior

100
Q

What is the significance of trigeminal nerve innervating the external auditory meatus?

A

pain can refer the to teeth, or vise versa

101
Q

T/F tympanic membrane is concaved so the middle is deeper into the ear

A

True, and this is important for the collection of sound

102
Q

If you shine some light down to the membrane, where will the light defect to?

A

the antero-inferior quadrant, if the ear is healthy

103
Q

what are the two cavities of the middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity proper

epitympanic recess superiorly

104
Q

What can you find in the epitympanic recess?

A

lots of air space, and it communicates with mastoid process

105
Q

What is the direction of the auditory tube?

A

antero-inferior to nasopharynx

106
Q

What is the function of auditory tube?

A

equalisation of pressure

107
Q

Why shouldn’t you sky dive when you have a cold?

A

mucus can block up the auditory tube to prevent equalisation of pressure, so there may be excessive movement of the TM and pain

108
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

109
Q

Why are middle ear infection more common in children?

A

the auditory is more horizontal, allowing bacteria to migrate

110
Q

What are the two muscles of the middle ear, and what are their nerve supply?

A

tensor tympani - Trigem

Stapedius - facial

111
Q

What is the function for the muscle of the middle ear?

A

auditory reflex - they contract when the sound amplitude is too high, preventing excessive energy from entering the inner ear

112
Q

What is the function of chorda tympani?

A

CT is a branch of facial nerve. It provides the special sensory for anterior 2/3 of the tongue

113
Q

What are the two openings to the inner ear?

A

oval window connecting to cochlea

round window for releasing pressure within the inner ear

114
Q

What is the promontary?

A

a large swelling on the medial surface of the middle ear. It is used as a landmark

115
Q

Where is the inner ear chamber in relation to the surrounding bony structure?

A

It is enclosed in the petrous temporal bone

116
Q

What are the structures within the cochlea?

A

there is a space called the bony labyrinth, filled with perilymph, and a suspended membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph

117
Q

Where is the vestibule?

A

it is between the semicircular canal and the cochlea, communicating with the round window

118
Q

Which arterial systems make up the circle of Willis?

A

the internal carotid system and the vertebrobasilar system

119
Q

T/F Circle of Willis looks almost identical in most people

A

False, the CoW is very variable in reality

120
Q

What is the function of the anastomoses in CoW

A

where there is a blockage, blood can be diverted to from other arteries

121
Q

Describe the course of the internal carotid artery

A

It comes off the common carotid, then enter the carotid canal into the middle cranial fossa lateral to the optic chiasm. It will then give off its branches

122
Q

Describe the course of the vertebral artery

A

comes off the subclavian and traverse through transverse foramina of the vertebral column into the foramen magnum. It then joins to form the basilar artery

123
Q

What is the functional territory of anterior cerebral artery

A

Medial part of frontal and parietal lobes

Most importantly, the motor and somatosensory area for the lower limbs

124
Q

Describe the course of anterior cerebral artery

A

it is the anterior branch for the CoW, which travels anteriorly initially, but then does a sharp turn posteriorly and splits into two branches. Pericallosal branch around corpus collosum, and callosomarginal brnach higher up in the longitudinal fissure

125
Q

What would a lesion most likely cause?

A

contralateral hemi-paresis and hemisensory loss of the lower limbs

126
Q

Which lobes does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral parts of frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
insula

127
Q

What is the functional territory of MCA?

A

motor and sensory cortices for most of the body
parietal-occipital association
language area in temporal

128
Q

What functions can be lost with a lesion in MCA

A

contralateral sensory loss for upper limb + face
hemiparesis
some aphasia

129
Q

Which lobe does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

medial and inferior surfaces of temporal and occipital lobes

130
Q

What is the main functional territory of PCA?

A

the visual cortex

131
Q

What will a lesion in PCA most likely lead to ?

A

visual problem, homonymous hemianopia

132
Q

Which main artery branch do pontine arteries come off

A

the basilar artery

133
Q

What do the small perforating branches usually supply ?

A

deep structures, the core of cerebrum and the associated deep nuclei

134
Q

What do the anterior perforating branches supply?

A

optic chiasm

anterior hypothalamus

135
Q

What do the posterior perforating branches supply?

A

ventral midbrain
posterior hypothalamus
some thalamus

136
Q

The lenticulostriate arteries are branches of ______

A

middle cerebral artery

137
Q

What do the lenticulostriate arteries supply?

A

mainly the basal ganglia and internal capsule

138
Q

The anterior choroidal artery comes off the ________

A

internal carotid artery (after opthalmic)

139
Q

What does the anterior choroidal artery supply?

A

deep lateral hemisphere
optic tract
lateral ventricles
hippocampus

140
Q

PICA is a branch of _______ while AICA is a branch of _______. While they mostly the ______, they also supply parts of the _________. Just before the posterior cerebral artery, ________ comes off the basilar artery, which gives a little branch to supply the ______ of the midbrain

A 
vertebral artery 
basilar artery 
cerebellum 
brainstem
superior cerebellar artery 
inferior colliculi
141
Q

The medulla gets three separate blood supplies. What are they, and which area do they supply?

A

anterior spinal artery - medial strip of medulla
vertebral artery - the olives and ventral-lateral medulla
PICA - dorsal lateral medulla

142
Q

What is medial medullary syndrome caused by?

A

cerebrovascular accident associated with anterior spinal artery

143
Q

What will a stroke in anterior spinal artery damage?

A

hypoglossal nucleus - ipsilateral atrophy of tongue
medial lemniscus - contralateral somatosensory hemideficit
pyramids - contralateral hemiparesis

144
Q

Anteriorly, the _______ runs down the _________ of the spinal cord. Posteriorly, there are two branches of ________ . These arteries are all reinforced by _______ from the aorta, and they send _______ to supply the inner grey matter

A 
anterior spinal artery 
ventral medium fissure 
posterior spinal arteries 
segmental arteries 
perforating branches
145
Q

What are the bony and cartilagenous structures forming the external nose

A

frontal process of maxilla laterally
two nasal bones in the midline

2 lateral and two alar cartilages, with a septal cartilage in the midline

146
Q

T/F ethmoid bone is located in the posterior nasal cavity

A

False, the sphenoid forms the posterior cavity with palantine and ethmoid anterior to it

147
Q

T/F vomer is in the midline of the basal cavity

A

True, the vomer in the midline forms the nasal septum

148
Q

What is rhinorrhea?

A

leakage of CSF out of the meninges, via the cribiform holes and into the nasal cavity

149
Q

What are the functions of the highly vascular mucosa of the nasal cavity?

A

trap foreign particle
humidify air
warm up the air so it’s closer to body temperature

150
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the inferior respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

A

actively encourage mucous to be expelled

151
Q

Where is the vestibule and how is it different to the rest of the nasal cavity?

A

it’s the bit where fingers can easily reach

It’s lined by skin and hair so it’s a lot stronger

152
Q

What’s the function of concha? Which wall is it found on?

A

creates turbulent air flow

three conchi on the lateral wall

153
Q

T/F conchi take up a lot of space in the nasal cavity

A

True, hence why nose can be so easily blocked up if there is excessive mucous

154
Q

What’s the name of the space inferior the conchi

A

meatus, and there are three of them - superior, middle, and inferior

155
Q

What can be found in the meatus?

A

paranasal sinuses

156
Q

What is the function paranasal sinuses?

A

to lighten the head so we can keep our heads up against gravity. This is an energy saving mechanism

157
Q

What is the clinical significance of paranasal sinuses?

A

they are direct openings of the nasal cavity, so bacteria can migrate into it to cause inflammation and pain

158
Q

T/F sinusitis generally occurs in the ethmoid sinus

A

False, it generally occurs in the maxillary sinus, because it’s the only one that’s not located superiorly, and draining is more difficult

159
Q

What’s the nerve supply for the 4 sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses are supplied by V1

Maxillary sinus by V2

160
Q

Where is the opening to sphenoid sinus?

A

posteriorly in the nasal cavity, inferior to the superior concha

It opens via a recess called sphenoethmoidal recess

161
Q

Where are the openings for ethmoid sinus?

A

posterior - under the superior meatus, anterior to sphenoid sinus opening

middle - bulla ethmoidalis, inferior to middle concha

anterior - anterior hiatus semilunaris

162
Q

Which sinus openings are located in the hiatus semilunaris?

A

frontal
anterior ethmoidal
maxillary

163
Q

What’s located inferior to the inferior meatus?

A

the orifice of nasolacrimal duct

164
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland?

A

supero-lateral part of the orbit

165
Q

What is the blood supply to the inferior quadrant of nasal cavity?

A

greater palatine artery

166
Q

what is the blood supply to the superior quadrant of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoidal arteries

167
Q

what is the blood supply to the posterior quadrant of the nasal cavity?

A

sphenopalatine artery

168
Q

The rupture in which artery will cause the most severe nose bleed?

A

sphenopalatine artery

169
Q

what is the blood supply to the anterior quadrant of nasal cavity?

A

the lateral wall - facial artery

medial aspect - supply by vessels to the lips

170
Q

Where is the anastomoses for all nasal vessels?

A

posterior to vestibule

171
Q

What is the nerve supply to the nasal cavity?

A

the antero-superior half is supplied by V1

the posto-inferior half is supplied by V2

172
Q

Where’s the palantine gland?

A

at the roof of the oral cavity directly under the mucosa

173
Q

What is it importance to have an oral cavity roof?

A

Food doesn’t enter the nasal cavity

important for producing suction, important for infant feeding

174
Q

Which muscles are found in the floor of the oral cavity?

A

Mylohyoid laterally
Geniohyoid medially
digastric inferiorly

175
Q

Which nerve gives off the lingual nerve?

A

mandibular nerve of CNV

176
Q

What are the four types of papillae on the tongue?

A

fungiform in anterior 2/3
foliate in the posto-lateral aspect
valate along the sulcus
filiform for grip

177
Q

Where are the taste buds?

A

embedded in cells of the papillae (except for filiform papillae)

178
Q

Where is the lingual tonsil?

A

in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

179
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue? What are their actions?

A

palatoglossus - elevation
styloglossus - retraction
hyoglossus - depression
genioglossus - protraction

180
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal, except for palatoglossus supplied by vagus

181
Q

What are the three intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

superior longitudinal
inferior longitudinal
transverse/vertical

182
Q

What are the four types of teeth we have?

A

incisors
canine
premolar
molar

183
Q

Which nerves supply the teeth?

A

Inferior alveolar and superior alveolar

184
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

185
Q

Where does the duct of submandibular gland run?

A

run in the floor of the lingual frenulum

186
Q

What are the three internal muscles of the pharynx?

A

salpigopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus

187
Q

What is the action of salpingopharyngeus

A

attaches to the auditory tube. Contraction elevates pharynx and help equalising pressure of auditory tube

188
Q

What is the action of palatopharyngeus

A

elevate/depress the soft palate

also pull the pharynx up

189
Q

what are the two arches of the oropharynx? What can be found between them?

A

palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeus arch

palatine tonsil inbetween

190
Q

Which nerves supply the muscles of the pharynx?

A

All supplied pharyngeal branch of the vagus, except for stylopharyngeaus (CNIX)

191
Q

What are the two muscles of the soft palate? What are their actions?

A

levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini

Both to elevate the palate. TVP exaggerates the movement of LVP by putting tension on soft palate

192
Q

Which muscles will depress the soft palate?

A

palatoglossus

palatopharyngeus

193
Q

What is the nerve supply for tensor veli palatini

A

T for T

trigeminal

194
Q

From top to down, what are the tonsils of the Waldeyer’s ring?

A

adenoid
tubal
palatine
lingual

195
Q

Where is the superior and inferior boundaries of the larynx

A

epiglottis superiorly

C6 inferiorly

196
Q

From the anterior view, list out the structures of the larynx from top to bottom

A 
hyoid bone 
thyrohyoid membrane 
thyroid cartilage 
cricothyroid membrane 
cricoid cartilage
197
Q

How is cricoid cartilage different to tracheal cartilage?

A

It is a complete ring, but there are also other structural differences

198
Q

What is found posteriorly on the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilage

199
Q

What are the two movements of the vocal muscles?

A

slide

abduction/addiction

200
Q

what is the name of the superior mucosal fold?

A

vestibular fold, the false vocal fold

201
Q

What are the six intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A 
lateral cricoarytenoid 
posterior cricoarytenoid 
transverse/oblique arytenoid 
lateral cricoarytenoid 
cricothyroid 
vocalis
202
Q

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

A

Internal - mucosa above vocal ligament

external - cricothyroid muscle

203
Q

What happens when we damage the external laryngeal branch?

A

lose control of cricothyroid, which is responsible for lengthening the vocal ligament. Damage = unable to hit high pitch

204
Q

Which nerve supplies most of the vocal muscles? What happens if we damage the nerve

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

hoarse voice and stridor

205
Q

Why do we get stridor in damaging recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

because there is a lot more effort needed to produce voice

206
Q

what are the arterial supplies for the thyroid?

A

superior thyroid artery (external carotid)

inferior thyroid artery (subclavian)

207
Q

Where should an emergency airway be?

A

in the cricothyroid membrane, between the thyroid and cricoid

Jonathan's Neuroscience (22 decks)

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