cog studies Flashcards
glanzer and cunitz aim
to show that there are multiple processes involved in retrieving information
glanzer and cunitz procedure
15 lines of words one at a time
repeated measure design in which the participants were asked to recall the words with no delay, with a 10-second delay and a 30 second delay
(in delay: asked to count backwards from 100)
glanzer and cunitz results
with no delay the first and last words were recalled the best but with a delay during which there was an intereference task there was a poor recall of later items. later words were lost due to interference could not move to LTM
glanzer and cunitz conclusion
this suggest that the later words were held in short term storage and were lost due to interference whereas the earlier words had been passed to the long term storage, showing the multistore model of memory
bartlett aim
to investigate how the memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge
bartlett procedure
- Investigated memory reconstruction using schema processing with “The War of the Ghosts” legend.
- Participants were British, unfamiliar with the story’s concepts and names.
Two experimental conditions:- Repeated reproduction: Recall and reproduce the story multiple times over varying periods.
- Serial reproduction: Recall and repeat the story to another person.
Chosen for unfamiliar content and structure, ideal for studying memory.
bartlett findings
the story became shorter with each retelling as participants omitted information that was seen as not important. Participants tended to change the order of the story in order to make sense of it using terms more familiar to the culture of the participants. they also added detail and/or emotions. the participants overall remembered the main themes in the story but change the unfamiliar elements to match their own cultural expectations.
warrington aim
to provide biological support for the WMM
warrington procedure
- longitudunal study
conducted a series of tests on paitient KF, who had suffered brain damage as a result of a motorcycle accident. he appeared to have problems recalling lists of words and numbers but was able to learn and move information from STM to LTM
warrington results
he quickly forgot numbers and words when they were presented to him orally, but he was able to remember these words or numbers when presented to him visually. KFs impairment mainly for verbal information - his memory for visual information was largely affected
warrington conclusion
the accident may have damaged his phonological loop but his visuospatial sketchpad remains functional. shows that there are seperate STM components for visual information and verbal information
loftus and palmer aim
to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect an eyewitness’s estimation of speed
loftus and palmer procedure
participants shown short films of traffic accidents. after they were asked to give an account of the accident they had seen and then they answered a questionaire with different questions about the accident with one leading question with a changing suggestive verb
loftus and palmer findings
the most intensive verb that was used in the leading question, the higher the average estimate of speed
loftus and palmer conclusion
when different verbs were used, different schemas were activated that have an influence on the perception of the original event and one from external information supplied after the event
goel et al aim
to provide biological evidence for the dual processing model
goel et al procedure
had participants carry out a logic task. in some cases, the task was abstract in nature to activate system 2 thinking. in contrast, some tasks were “concrete” in nature to activate system 1 thinking. the researchers had the participants decide on the correct choices while in an FMRI
goel et al findings
Although there were many common areas of the brain that were active in solving the problems, there was a clear difference. When the task was abstract, the parietal lobe was active; when the task was concrete, the left hemisphere temporal lobe was active. The parietal lobe is often associated with spatial processing
goel et al conclusion
This seems to indicate that the brain processes these two types of information differently - and thus may be seen as support for the model.
Strack & Mussweiler (Gandhi) aim
to test the influence of anchoring bias on decision-making.
Strack & Mussweiler (Gandhi) procedure
opportunity sample
Strack & Mussweiler (Gandhi) findings
Participants with the low anchor questions guessed a lower age for Gandhi’s death and participants with a high anchor guessed a higher age for when Gandhi died. Even though the anchor presented was outlandish, it clearly influenced the participants’ estimates.
Brown and Kulik aim
To evaluate the existence of flashbulb memory
Brown and Kulik procedure
80 participants were given a series of emotional events and asked if they “recalled the circumstances in which you first heard about the event.” For those events in which they said “yes,” they were then asked to write an account of their memory and rate it on a scale of personal importance.
Brown and Kulik findings
90% of the participants recalled the circumstances in which they heard about the emotional event
