coasts L10 climate change

Question 1

2024 was the hottest year since 2016?

Answer 1

the last 20 years have been 20 of the hottest on record

Question 2

storm and heatwaves frequency is how much more?

Answer 2

30 x

Question 3

EUSTATIC FORCES

Answer 3

sea level CHANGES land stays the SAME

Question 4

ISOSTATIC FORCES

Answer 4

sea level stays the SAME land CHANGES

Question 5

what is 40% of EUSTATIC CHANGE CAUSED BY

Answer 5

ICE FORMATION/MELTING

end of ice age
due to climate change
glacial meltwater led to the formation of the english channel & north sea

• Greenland ice sheet loses 250 billion metric tonnes of ice per year

Question 6

what is 60% of EUSTATIC CHANGE CAUSED BY

Answer 6

THERMAL EXPANSION

global temps increase
ocean temp rises & water expands & sea levels rise

estimated by IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) that sea levels have risen by 120m since the last ice age (25000BC)

Pacific Ocean said to have expanded by 30-55% in the last 50 years - threatens islands like Tuvalu

Question 7

CAUSES OF ISOSTATIC CHANGE

Answer 7

• POST GLACIAL ADJUSTMENT
  : ice melts and land moves back upwards (was weighed down by ice)
  / NW Scotland rising by 1.5mm per year
  / SW England sinking by 0.5mm per year
• SUBSIDENCE (human)
  : sediment from underground is extracted or removed & is accelerated by the extraction of groundwater, oil, gas
  / New Orleans, Louisiana
• ACCRETION
  : deposition of sediment from river channels & sediment cells
  builds up on coast over time
  (can get too heavy and weigh it down)
  / Nile Delta, River Nile, Egypt
• TECTONICS
  : uplift of mountain ranges and coastal land
  / Banda Aceh, Indonesia - sank by 1m due to EQ

Question 8

EMERGENT COASTLINES - result of ISOSTATIC REBOUND

Answer 8

• RAISED BEACHES
  : former beach that is now at the high tide line
  may have many different levels
  / West Scotland Beach
• FOSSIL CLIFFS/RELICT CLIFFS
  : near-vertical slopes formed by marine processes but now found some distance inland
  / Kings Cave, Isle of Arran

Question 9

SUBMERGENT COASTLINES - result of ISOSTATIC SINKING or SEA LEVEL RISE

Answer 9

• RIAS
  : flooded river valley (V)
  formed in penglacial conditions when the soil was frozen
  / King’s bridge Estuary, Devon
• FJÖRDS
  : flooded glaciates valley (U)
  very deep water and steep sides
  / Milford Sound, New Zealand
• DALMATIAN COAST
  : concordant coasts
  sea has flooded landscape of alternating hills & valleys to create long bays and parallel hilly islands

Question 10

EMERGENT COASTLINES - result of ISOSTATIC REBOUND

Answer 10

• RAISED BEACHES
  : former beach that is now at the high tide line
  may consist of several different levels