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Geography > 'Coasts' Key Words > Flashcards

'Coasts' Key Words Flashcards

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1
Q

Abrasion

A

Rocks are picked up by the waves and are flung against the cliffs wearing them down.

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2
Q

Arch

A

A wave-eroded passes through a small headland. This begins as a case which is gradually widened and deepened until it cuts through.

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3
Q

Attrition

A

Rocks being carried by the coast smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.

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4
Q

Backwash

A

Water that gloes back towards the sea after swash has moved upshore.

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5
Q

Bar

A

Where a spit grown across a bay, a bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon.

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6
Q

Bay

A

A wide coastal inlet, often with a beach, where areas of less resistant rock have been eroded by the sea.

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7
Q

Beach

A

A zone of deposited material that extends from the low water line to the limit of storm waves.

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8
Q

Beach nourishment

A

Adding new material to a beach artificially, through the dumping of large amounts of sand or shingle.

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9
Q

Cave

A

A large hole in a cliff caused by waves forcing their way into cracks in the cliff face.

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10
Q

Chemical weathering

A

The deposition (or rotting) of rock caused by a chemical change within that rock.

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11
Q

Cliff

A

A steep high rock face formed by weathering and erosion.

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12
Q

Coastal management

A

Strategies used to defend coastal environments, divided into three different approaches: hard engineering, soft engineering and managed retreat.

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13
Q

Constructive waves

A

A powerful wave with a strong swash that surges up a beach.

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14
Q

Deposition

A

Occurs when material being transported by the sea is dripped due to the sea losing energy.

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15
Q

Destructive waves

A

A wave formed by a local storm that crashes down onto a beach and has a powerful backwash.

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16
Q

Dune

A

Deposit of sand which has been blown inland by onshore winds.

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17
Q

Dune regeneration

A

Building up dunes and increasing vegetation to prevent excessive coastal retreat.

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18
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away and removal of material by a moving force, such as a breaking wave.

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19
Q

Fault

A

A crack or line of weakness in the rock.

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20
Q

Fetch

A

The distance of open water over which the wind can blow.

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21
Q

Freeze-thaw weathering

A

A common process of weathering in a glacial environment involving repeated cycles of freezing and thawing that can make cracks in rock bigger.

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22
Q

Gabions

A

Steel wire mesh filled with boulders used in coastal defences.

23
Q

Geological structure

A

The way that layers of rock are folded or tilted.

24
Q

Groyne

A

A wooden barrier built out into the sea to stop the longshore drift of sand and shingle, and allow the beach to grow.

25
Q

Headland

A

A rocky coastal promontory (highpoint of land) made of rock that is resistant to erosion: headlands lie between bays of less resistant rock where the land has been eroded by the sea.

26
Q

Hard engineering

A

The use of concrete and large artificial structure to protect against erosion.

27
Q

Hydraulic power

A

Process where breaking waves compress pockets of air in cracks in a cliff, the pressure may cause the cracks to widen, breaking off rock.

28
Q

Landform

A

A physical feature of the Earth’s surface.

29
Q

Longshore drift

A

Transport of sediment along a stretch of coastline caused by waves approaching the beach at an angle.

30
Q

Marram grass

A

Type of grass that is adapted to windy, exposed conditions and is used in coastal management to stabilise sand dunes.

31
Q

Mass movement

A

Downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity.

32
Q

Mechanical weathering

A

Physical disintegration or break up of exposed Rick without any change in its chemical composition i.e freeze-thaw.

33
Q

Mudflats

A

Areas of fine sediment deposits which over time can develop in Saltmarshes.

34
Q

Mudflow

A

When saturated soil and weak rock flow down a slope.

35
Q

Recurved end

A

Strong winds or tidal current cause the end of a spit to become curved.

36
Q

Reprofiling

A

Increasing the height and width of beaches by dumping and shaping of dredged sand or shingle.

37
Q

Rock armour

A

Large boulders deliberately dumped on a bench as part of coastal defences.

38
Q

Rockfall

A

A fragment of rock breaks away from the cliff face, often due to freeze-thaw weathering.

39
Q

Rotational slip

A

Slump of saturated spil and weak rock along a curved surface.

40
Q

Saltmarshes

A

Important natural habitats often found in sheltered river estuaries behind spits where there is very little flow of water.

41
Q

Scree

A

Accumulation of fragments of weathered rock.

42
Q

Sea wall

A

Concrete wall aiming to prevent erosion of the coast by reflecting wave energy.

43
Q

Sliding

A

Loose surface material becomes saturated and the extra weight causes the material to become unstable and move rapidly downhill.

44
Q

Slumping

A

Rapid mass movement which involves a whole segment of the cliff moving down-slope along a saturated line of weakness is a rotation.

45
Q

Soft engineering

A

Managing erosion working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems.

46
Q

Solution

A

The dissolving of rocks such as limestone and chalk by sea water.

47
Q

Spit

A

Depositional landform formed when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to the sea, often at a river mouth.

48
Q

Stack

A

Isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed.

49
Q

Swash

A

The forward movement of a wave up a beach.

50
Q

Transportation

A

The movement of eroded material.

51
Q

Wave refraction

A

Wave energy is reduced in bays as the water gets shallower.

52
Q

Waves

A

Ripples in the sequence caused by the transfer of energy from the wind blowing over the surface of the sea.

53
Q

Wave-cut platform

A

Rocky, level shelf at or around sea level, representing the base of old, retreated cliffs.

Geography (24 decks)

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