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GCSE Edecel B Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a discordant coastline?

A

The alternating rock layers (strata) are at right angles to the coastline. This leads to headlands and bays

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2
Q

What is a headland?

A

A piece of land jutting out into the sea (usually harder rock)

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3
Q

What is a bay?

A

A broad coastal inlet often with a beach (usually softer rocks)

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4
Q

What is a concordant coastline?

A

The rock (strata) are parallel to the coastline. This leads to the formation of a cove

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5
Q

What is a cove?

A

A small, sheltered bay found at concordant coastlines.

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6
Q

What is abrasion?

A

The scratching or scraping of the coast by sediment in the water

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7
Q

What is attrition?

A

The wearing away of particles of debris by the action of other debris e.g. Beach pebbles

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8
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The force of the water itself eroding the coast

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9
Q

The human activities on the coast: Housing

A

More people are moving to the coast as it is more affordable than living in London. Commuters are retires are choosing to relocate to coastal cities.

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10
Q

The human activities on the coast: Office

A

High office costs means that more companies are also relocating. JP Morgan relocated to Bournemouth in 2015

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11
Q

The human activities on the coast: Agriculture

A

The price of farmland has increases greatly (£2400 per hectare (1995) to £30000 per hectare (2015)). This means farmers are using whatever land they can. Including wetlands and marsh which are vital for wildlife. This farmland could also be at risk of sea level rise.

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12
Q

The human activities on the coast: Industry

A

Heavy industries on the coast negatively impact the visual landscape. This can prevent tourism to certain areas.

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13
Q

The human activities on the coast: Coastal Management

A

Coastal management can also heavily impact the appearance and processes of the coast

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14
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Building physical structures to deal with natural hazards

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15
Q

Examples of hard engineering

A

Sea walls, groynes, gabions, revetments

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16
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Involves adapting to natural hazards and working with nature to limit damage

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17
Q

Examples of soft engineering

A

Beach nourishment, dune regeneration, marsh creating

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18
Q

What is Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)?

A

Involves making different choices about management for a whole stretch of coast (not all areas will be protected to the same level)

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19
Q

What is Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)?

A

This is an approach that builds on knowledge of the coastal environment and considers the wide range of public interests to protect the coast

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20
Q

What is advancing the line?

A

Using sea defenses to move the coast further into the sea

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21
Q

What is backwash?

A

When the water from a wave runs back down the beach

22
Q

What is a bar?

A

An accumulation of sediment that has grown across an entire bay and connected to the other side (caused by long-shore drift)

23
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

Adding sand and shingle to the beach to make it higher or broader

24
Q

What is a cliff collapse?

A

Steep cliffs collapse when there is a loss of supporting rock underneath, caused by wave attach

25
Q

What is a constructive wave?

A

Where swash is stronger than backwash. This means that there is more deposition than erosion. More common during summer.

26
Q

What is cost benefit analysis?

A

Looking at all the costs of a project, social and environmental as well as financial, and deciding whether it is worth going ahead

27
Q

What is a destructive wave?

A

Where backwash is stronger than swash. This means that there is more erosion than deposition. More common during winter

28
Q

What is doing nothing?

A

Take no action art all to protect/manage the coastline

29
Q

What is dune regeneration?

A

Plants such as marram grass are planted to stabilise sand dunes and help them develop

30
Q

What is a fault?

A

hey are larger cracks by past tectonic movement

31
Q

What is fetch?

A

The length of water over which the wind has blown, affecting the size and strength of waves.

32
Q

What are gabions?

A

Cages of boulders built into a cliff face. The small rocks within the cages help absorb wave energy

33
Q

What are groynes?

A

Timber or rock structures built at 90° to the sea. They are designed to trap sediment being moved by long shore drift. They widen the beach and they help to protect the land behind

34
Q

What is holding the line?

A

Using sea defenses so the coast stays where it is

35
Q

What is a joint?

A

Are small, usually vertical cracks found in many rocks

36
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The movement of material along a coats by waves which approach at an angle the shore but recede directly away from it

37
Q

What is marsh creation?

A

An example of manages retreat. Areas of low lying coast line are allowed to be flooded, creating a salt marsh as a barrier

38
Q

What is Old Harry?

A

A stack formed at the end of a headland due to erosion and weathering (joint > cave > arch > stack> stump)

39
Q

What is prevailing wind?

A

The most frequent direction the wind blows in a certain area

40
Q

What is revetments?

A

Similar to a groyne however i runs parallel to the coast. It absorbs wave energy and traps beach material behind it

41
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff. They absorb wave energy and wraps beach material behind it

42
Q

What is a saltmarsh?

A

Salt tolerant vegetation growing on mudflats in bays and estuaries (also behind spits)

43
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

A concrete or rock barrier built at the foot of cliffs or top of beach. Usually curved to reflect the waves back into the sea.

44
Q

What is a spit?

A

A ridge of and running away from the coast usually with a curved seaward end. It is formed by longshore drift

45
Q

What is strategic realignment?

A

Gradually let the coast erode and move people and businesses away from the areas at risk

46
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A rapid rise in the sea level caused by low pressure and strong winds

47
Q

What is swash?

A

When a wave breaks and water is pushed up the beach

48
Q

What is a tombolo?

A

A bar of sand that has connected the mainland to an island

49
Q

What is Terminal Groyne Syndrome?

A

The last groyne prevents longshore drift from supplying sediment further down the coast. This therefore creates/ movers the problem to an area down the coast

50
Q

What is a wave-cut notch?

A

A small indentation (notch) cut into a cliff roughly at the level of high tide caused by erosion

51
Q

What is a wave-cut platform?

A

A wide, gentle sloping rocky surface at the foot of a cliff.

GCSE Edecel B Geography (8 decks)

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