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Alevel Geog > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Types of coast

A 
Rocky(or cliffed)
Coastal plains(alluvial coasts)
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2
Q

Classification of coasts

A 
Formation processes (primary-land based (deposition)) (secondary-marine erosion/deposition) 
Relative sea level change(sub/emergent)
Tidal range 
Wave energy (low-sheltered,limited fetch)(high-exposed,long fetch,powerful waves)
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3
Q

Contrasting coastlines

A 
Cliffed coast (chalk@flambourough head) 
Sandy coastline (coastal plain@belgium) 
Estuarine coast (mouths of river@hampshire,Lymington)
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4
Q

Sub-aerial processes

A

Weathering
Mass movement
Surface run off

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5
Q

Erosion resistance

A

Clastic or cryalltaline rocks
Type of rock (reactivity)
Degree of cracks, fractures, fissures.

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6
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Balancing forces of deposition and erosion.

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7
Q

Geological structure

A

Strata
Deformation
Faulting

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8
Q

Concordant coast

A

Rock strata run parallel (lulworth cove, Dorset)

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9
Q

Discordant coast

A

Diff strata intersect at angles to coast so geology varies. (West cork)

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10
Q

Geological features influencing cliff profiles

A

Faults
Joints
Fissures

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11
Q

Cliff profiles

A

Seaward dip (low/high angle)
Landward dip
Horizontal dip

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12
Q

Geological features effecting erosion

A

Faults
Fissures
Joints

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13
Q

Rates of erosion

A

Igneous - very slow
Metaphoric - slow
Sedimentary - moderate/fast

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14
Q

Pore water pressure

A

Pressure water experiences at a point below the water table due to the weight of water above it.

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15
Q

Coastal vegetation stabilises sediment by ..

A

Roots bind particles.
Protective layer so surface sediment not directly exposed.
Protect against wind erosion.
(Reduce wind speed by friction)

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16
Q

Halophytes

A

Can tolerate salt water

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17
Q

Xerophytes

A

Tolerate any conditions(eg. Dunes where little water)

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18
Q

Plant succession

A

Changing structure of a plant community over time.

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19
Q

Pioneer species

A

Specialised species grow in sand or mud start succession.

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20
Q

Serial stage

A

Each step in plant succession

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21
Q

Climatic climax community

A

End result of succession

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22
Q

Psammosere

A

Sand dune ecosystem

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23
Q

Halosere

A

Salt marsh ecosystem

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24
Q

Wave size depends on…

A

Strength of wind
Duration of wind
Water depth
Wave fetch

25
Q

Waves and tides

A

Waves - friction between wind and water, energy from wind transferred to water.
Tides - gravitational pull of moon acting on water.

26
Q

Beach profiles may change due to…

A

Sediment supply from rivers (dam construction traps sediment)
Interference along coast
Changes to climate

27
Q

Constructive waves

A 
Low wave height 
Long wave length 
‘Spilling/surging waves’ 
Strong swash 
Weak backwash
28
Q

Destruction

A 
High wave height 
Short wave length 
‘Plunging waves’ 
Strong backwash 
Weak swash
29
Q

Beach morphology

A

Shape of the beach and it’s features.

30
Q

Most erosion occurs when…

A 
Waves are largest (wind sowed&fetch) 
Waves approach 90degrees to cliff
Tide is high
Heavy rainfall
Debris removed
31
Q

Processes of erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Attrition
Corrosion/solution

32
Q

Long shore drift

A

Wave crests approach at an angle, the swash and backwash follow diff angles up the beach.(zig zag)
Net movement of sediment.

33
Q

Processes of transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

34
Q

Swash aligned

A

Wave crests approach parallel to the coast(limited LSD) eg. Bay head beach

35
Q

Drift aligned

A

Wave crests break at an angle(consistent LSD)

36
Q

Gravity settling

A

Occurs when transportation energy becomes low so large sediment deposits first etc.

37
Q

Flocculation

A

Small particles remain suspended and they clump together and become large enough to sink.

38
Q

Depositional landforms

A 
Spit 
Bay head beach 
Tombolo
Barrier beach 
Cuspate foreland 
Recurves spit
39
Q

Sediment cell model

A

Sources
Transfer zones
Sinks

40
Q

Weathering

A

Mechanical (freeze-thaw,salt crystallisation)
Chemical (oxidation,carbonation,hydrolysis)
Biological (plant roots,rock boring)

41
Q

Mass movement

A 
Fall 
Topple 
Slide 
Rotational slide/slumping 
Flow
42
Q

Isostatic change

A

Regression(fall) - weight of ice causes crust to sag.

Transgression(rise) - land sinks due to accretion and deposition.

43
Q

Eustatic change

A

Regression(fall)- water evaporated to make ice on land.

Transgression(rise)- melting ice returned to sea.

44
Q

Ria

A

Drowned river valley caused by sea level rise.

45
Q

Fjords

A

Drowned coastline/valley diff to ria as always u shaped and often deeper than adjacent sea.

46
Q

What can effect sea level rise?

A

Thermal expansion(global warming)
Melting of glaciers
Melting of ice sheets
Change in tectonic activity

47
Q

Erosion threat factors

A 
Long wave fetch 
Sift geology 
Cliff weaknesses 
Vulnerable to mass movement and weathering 
Strong LSD 
Human interference (sediment cell)
48
Q

Ords

A

Deep hollows on beach running parallel to base of cliff.

49
Q

Reasons to inhabit coastal areas

A

Tourism
Deltas ideal for trade
Delta fertile for farming

50
Q

Storm surges caused by..

A

Depressions(low pressure)

Tropical cyclone

51
Q

Hard engineering

Disadvantaged&advantages

A 
Advantages 
Obvious something is being done 
Can last for a long time 
Disadvantages
High costs
Prone to failure 
Unattractive 
Effect sediment cell further along
52
Q

Cost of engineering depend on..

A 
Extreme ness (tides and waves)
Size of structures 
Degree to which they look natural
53
Q

Soft engineering

A

Works with nature and usually less obvious but cheaper

54
Q

Soft engineering techniques

A

Beach nourishment
Dune stabilisation
Cliff stabilisation

55
Q

Holistic/integrated coastal management

A

Entire zone is managed
Manages across political boundaries
Recognises importance of coast to people

56
Q

Sustainable management must..

A 
Plan for long term 
Work with natural processes
Involve all stakeholders 
Adopt adaptive management 
Eg. ICZM protocol
57
Q

Policy decision options

A

No active intervention
Hold the line
Managed realignment
Advance the line

58
Q

Sustainable coastal management

A 
Managing natural resources 
Managing flood and erosion
Create alternative livelihoods 
Adapt to rising sea levels
Educate communities 
Monitor change
59
Q

Hard engineering strategies

A 
Riprap
Rock breakwater 
Sea wall
Revetments 
Groynes

Alevel Geog (10 decks)

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