Coastal Zone Flashcards
What are characteristics of destructive waves?
3-4m high
High energy
Strong backwash
Creates steep beaches
What is physical/mechanical weathering?
Disintegration of rock without a chemical change e.g. Freeze thaw
What is chemical weathering?
The decomposition of the rocks is caused by a chemical reaction within the rock e.g. Acid rain - rainwater
What is chemical weathering?
The decomposition of the rocks is caused by a chemical reaction within the rock e.g. Acid rain - rainwater has CO2 dissolved in it, which makes it a weak carbonic acid. This reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate so the rocks are dissolved by the rainwater
Explain the process of freeze thaw weathering
Water enters a crack in the rock
The water freezes when the temperature goes below 0 degrees
Expansion of the water as ice exerts pressure on the cracks and they are enlarged
When the temperature rises above 0 the ice melts and this process repeats
This causes the rock to eventually break off when the cracks break
Explain why deposition occurs at certain places along the coast
Deposition occurs in areas when there is too little energy to transport material so it is left behind. It occurs in places which are sheltered because there is less wind so less energy in the wave. Also in areas with more constructive waves because they have less energy. Areas where there is a lot of material in the water as the water has reached its carrying capacity e.g. And the end of a river.
Also where groynes are placed
What are discordant coastlines?
Coastlines where the geology alternates between hard rock and soft rock
Explain the formation of headlands and bays
A headland is a promontory of land jutting out into the sea and a bay is a broad coastal inlet often with a beach. Headlands form by differential erosion on discordant coastlines. Differential erosion occurs on discordant coastlines because of the alternating geology.
The softer rock is less resistant to the power of the waves and therefore erodes at a faster rate than the hard rock, which is more resistant.
The hard rock left is the headland and in the areas between the headlands, where the soft rock has been eroded, bays form. This is because deposition occurs here as it is a sheltered area and the waves have less energy.
What are concordant coastlines?
Coastlines with the same type of rock
How do waves form?
Waves form as wind passes over the surface of the water
Energy from the wind is transported into the topmost layers of water (via friction and pressure)
These forces develop a disturbance (ripples) that are transported through the sea water and develop into waves
WAVES MOVE NOT WATER
What 3 factors affect the SIZE of waves?
Wind speed
Wind duration e.g. succession of storms
Fetch
What is mass movement?
The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity
What are the four types of mass movement?
Fall
Slide
Flow
Slip/slump
What factors affect mass movement?
Geology
Precipitation
Antecedent (previous) weather conditions
Human activity
What is Slide?
Material blocks of consolidated earth/rock slide downhill along a rupture surface/level/straight plane e.g. A landslide when blocks of rock slide downhill
What is Slip/slump?
The slumping of unsaturated or saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface e.g. Rotational slip
What are characteristics of a constructive wave?
1m high Limited energy Strong swash Flat and low Form gentle beaches
What are beaches?
Beaches are found on coasts between the high water mark and the low water mark. They are formed by constructive waves depositing material like sand and shingle.
Describe the difference between sand and shingle beaches.
Sand beaches are flat and wide - sand particles are small and the weak backwash can move them back down the beach, creating a long, gentle slope
Shingle beaches are steep and narrow - shingle particles are large and the weak backwash can’t move them back down the beach. The shingle particles build up and create a steep slope.
Why do waves break at the coast?
The sea becomes shallower, so friction against the sea bed slows the bottom of the wave. The top of the wave is not slowed by friction, causing the wave to become increasingly elliptical closer to the shore. It begins to appear as ‘curved’. The top of the wave is moving much faster than the bottom so the wave breaks. Water rushes up the beach as awash and back down the beach as backwash due to gravity.
Explain the problem of thermal expansion.
As global temperatures rise due to climate change the water in the ocean expands and takes up more space. Thermal expansion occurs due to an increase in volume of the water. This happens because as the water temperature rises the molecules gain more energy and move around more thus taking up more space. The volume of the sea increases and sea levels rise.
How is a cave/arch/stack/stump formed?
*Define one asked
Waves crash into headlands and enlarge cracks in the rock, mainly by the processes of hydraulic action and abrasion
Repeated erosion and enlargement of the cracks causes a CAVE to form
Continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland, forming an ARCH
Erosion continues to wear away the rock supporting the arch until it finally collapses, leaving behind a STACK
Over time, more weathering and erosion can cause the stack to collapse, forming a small STUMP, that is covered at high tide by the sea
Describe the difference between sand and shingle beaches.
Sand beaches are flat and wide - sand particles are small and the weak backwash can move them back down the beach, creating a long, gentle slope
What is suspension?
Lighter particles floating in the sea water.
What is saltation?
A hopping movement of small pebbles along the seabed.
When drawing a diagram of LSD what do you need to draw?
DRAW Sea Arrows representing swash and backwash A pebble showing where the sand moves LABEL direction of LSD direction of prevailing wind (same direction as swash) Sea Land/Coast
What is solution? (transportation)
The transportation of dissolved chemicals in the water.
How are wave cut platforms formed?
A wave-cut platform is a wide, gently sloping rocky surface at the base of a cliff.
Waves erode the base of the cliff by the processes of hydraulic power This creates a wave cut notch as the cliff has been undercut. The top of the cliff becomes unstable. This overhang will collapse into the sea providing more material for corrasion. The cliff has now retreated. This process of corrasion will continue. Because there is no corrosion below low tide a rock platform is left called a wave cut platform.
When do salt marshes form?
Low energy, gentle waves enter sheltered areas behind a spit and deposit finer material such as silt and mud. This builds up to form a feature which is then colonised by vegetation.
Social impacts of Maldives sea level rise
In Kiribati 2005 126 people does because of floods due to sea level rise.
Eventually everyone will be forced to evacuate.
In 2007 a hospital in male flooded and the patients had to be evacuated. MADE UP FACT PLEASE ADD SOME XXX
Flooding contaminates water, locals have to rely on rain water.
What is traction?
Heavy particles and big rocks roll along the sea floor.
Social impacts of Maldives sea level rise
Houses damaged and destroyed
Less fresh water available - polluted with salty water, may have to rely on rainwater or expensive desalination plants
Economic impacts of sea level rise in the Maldives
Loss of tourism - biggest industry in the Maldives, the main airport could not work anymore
Disrupted fishing industry - fish is the Maldives’ largest export, damage to fish processing plants
Political impacts of Maldives sea level rise
Maldivian Government had to ask Japan for $60mn to build a 30m high sea wall to protect the capital city of Male
Changes to environmental policies - they have become more carbon neutral and are encouraging other countries to do the same
Changes to long term plans - thinking of buying land in India and Australia, so Maldivians can move there before the islands become uninhabitable