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Geography > Coastal change and conflict > Flashcards

Coastal change and conflict Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of rock is easily eroded by the sea?

A

Soft rock

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2
Q

Name a soft rock landscape

A

Bay

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3
Q

What will landscapes be like if they are soft rock?

A

Less rugged and less steep than hard rock coasts

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4
Q

What is hard rock resistant to?

A

All types of erosion

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5
Q

What will hard rock landscapes be like?

A

Cliffs will be high, steep and rugged

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6
Q

Name some hard rock landscapes

A

Wave-cut platforms and headlands where caves, arches and stacks are formed

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7
Q

What are joints?

A

Small cracks in rocks

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8
Q

What are faults?

A

Bigger cracks in rocks

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9
Q

What do cracks and faults make rocks more vulnerable of?

A

Erosion

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10
Q

What happens to rocks that have more cracks and faults?

A

They are eroded faster

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11
Q

What are other factors of rates of erosion?

A

Geological structure
Wave climate
Local currents and tidal range
Groundwater levels

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12
Q

What is geological structure?

A

If it is soft or hard rock

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13
Q

What is wave climate?

A

How powerful waves are, wave direction, wave height

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14
Q

If there is high groundwater what happens to the cliffs?

A

They become more saturated and are more vulnerable

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15
Q

What are concordant coasts?

A

Coasts that are made up of the same type of rock and are parallel to the sea

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16
Q

What are discordant coasts?

A

Coasts were the type of rock alternates in layers and are perpendicular to the sea

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17
Q

What are normally formed at discordant coasts?

A

Headlands and bays

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18
Q

Why are bays formed?

A

Due to rapid erosion of less resistant rocks such as clay

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19
Q

What is formed due to the formation of a bay?

A

Headlands are left sticking out as they are made from hard rock, such as granite/chalk, which is resistant to erosion

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20
Q

What are wave-cut platforms?

A

Areas of flat rock at the base of the cliff

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21
Q

How is a stack formed?

A

When an arch collapses

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22
Q

How is a stump formed?

A

When a stack is eroded by wind and water

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23
Q

How is an arch formed?

A

When two caves erode back from either side of a headland and meet in the middle

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24
Q

How is a cave formed?

A

When the waves erode a weakness in the rock such as a joint or a fault

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25
Q

How is a wave-cut platform eroded?

A

Wave-cut notch is undercutting by the waves while the rock face overhangs
Cliff retreats inland as the overhanging rock has collapsed
Wave-cut platform is formed

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26
Q

What is solution?

A

Chemical action by seawater on some rocks, especially limestone

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27
Q

What is attrition?

A

The rocks and pebbles carried by the waves rub together and break down into smaller pieces

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28
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Breaking waves throw sand and pebbles against the coast during storms

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29
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Waves compress air into the cracks in the rock, forcing them apart and weakening the rock

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30
Q

Describe a destructive wave

A

The swash is weak and the backwash is strong, which means material is dragged back down a beach into the sea

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31
Q

What are the impacts of the uk climate on coastal erosion

A

Prevailing winds
Seasons
Storm frequency

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32
Q

Explain the impact seasons have

A

For example in winter, cold temperatures lead to freeze-thaw weathering in cliffs

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33
Q

Explain the impact prevailing winds have

A

They come form the south-west, bringing warm, moist air from the Atlantic and frequent rainfall, leading to weathering and mass movement on the coast

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34
Q

Explain the impact storm frequency has

A

Is high in many parts of the UK so coasts often receive strong winds, which lead to an increase of eroding power waves and rainfall causing mass movement

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35
Q

What is a type of mechanical weathering?

A

Freeze-thaw

36
Q

What is freeze-thaw?

A

When water seeps into cracks and freezes and expands. Over time the crack will widen and pieces of rock will fall off

37
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

It is caused by plants and animals and its actions speed up mechanical and chemical weathering

38
Q

What is an example of biological weathering?

A

Tree roots widen gaps in rocks

39
Q

When does chemical weathering happen?

A

When a rock’s mineral composition is changed

40
Q

What is an example of chemical weathering?

A

Limestone is dissolved by carbonation.

41
Q

What is carbonation?

A

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere combines with rainwater to form carbonic acid, which changes limestone into calcium bicarbonate. This is then carried away by water in solution

42
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity

43
Q

What do the different types of mass movement depend on?

A

The material involved
The amount of water in the material
The nature of the movement

44
Q

How are slumps formed (mass movement)?

A

When the rock is saturated with water and slides down a curved slip plane

45
Q

How does sliding happen (mass movement)?

A

When loosened rocks and soil suddenly tumble down the slope

46
Q

What is coastal retreat?

A

When the coastline moves further inland

47
Q

What does coastal erosion lead to?

A

Coastal retreat

48
Q

Describe longshore drift

A

Waves approach the coast at an angle
Swash pushes sand gravel up the beach at the same angle
Backwash carries sand and gravel backdown the beach at 90degrees under the force of gravity
Sand and gravel move along the beach in a zigzag
Sand is lighter than gravel so moves further up
the beach

49
Q

How do waves transport material?

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution

50
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders are rolled along the seabed by waves

51
Q

What is saltation?

A

Smaller stones are bounced along the seabed

52
Q

What is suspension?

A

Sand and small particles are carried along tin the flow

53
Q

What is solution?

A

Some minerals are dissolved in seawater and carried along in the flow

54
Q

Describe a constructive wave

A

The swash is strong but the backwash is weak. The wave is long in relation to its height so the crest breaks forwards

55
Q

What are the different factors that influence deposition?

A

Sheltered spots (bays)
Calm conditions
Gentle gradient offshore causing friction

56
Q

What do all the factors do to the wave’s energy?

A

Reduce it

57
Q

How are curved beaches formed?

A

By waves refracting or bending as they enter the bay

58
Q

What are spits?

A

Narrow projections of sand or shingle that are attached to the land at one end

59
Q

How are spits formed?

A

By longshore drift powered by a strong prevailing wind

60
Q

How are bars formed?

A

By longshore drift that deposits material away from the coast until a long ridge is built up

61
Q

What do bars form?

A

They form lagoons as they grow right across the bay, cutting of water

62
Q

What impacts has development had on coastal landscapes?

A

Weight of buildings increase cliff vulnerability
Changes in drainage increase saturation
Raises interest in protecting coastal landscapes

63
Q

What impacts has industry had on coastal landscapes?

A

Causes noise/air/soil/water pollution
Destroys natural habitats for birds, animals and sea life
Brings wealth and jobs to the area

64
Q

What impacts has agriculture had on coastal landscapes?

A

Increased soil erosion
Increased sedimentation
Wildlife habitats may be created and preserved

65
Q

What impacts has coastal management had on coastal landscapes?

A

Can increase further coastal erosion
Helps reduce risk of coastal flooding
Salt marches, sand dunes, sand bars and spits are preserved and protected

66
Q

What impacts has tourism had on coastal landscapes?

A 
Increased development of hotels
Increased pollution
Increased revenue benefits people living there
Increased desire to preserve landscape
Increase of coastal defences being built
67
Q

What happens when atmospheric temperatures rise?

A

Storm frequency can increase so height and strength of waves will increase. Rainfall from storms will increase erosion and mass movement

68
Q

What happens when sea temperature increases?

A

Water expands so sea levels rise (thermal expansion). Also ice will melt adding water to the ocean

69
Q

What does sea levels rising put at risk?

A

Low-lying coastal land is at a higher risk of flooding

70
Q

What are the effects of climate change of costal erosion?

A

Erosion may increase
Depositional features such as spits will disappear
Natural ecosystems and habitats may be destroyed

71
Q

What are some impacts increased flooding has on people?

A

Can put people at risk of injury or death (storm surges)
Settlements need to be moved or defended, which is expensive
Coastal tourism will decrease
Loos of agricultural land will affect food production and economy

72
Q

What are examples of hard engineering?

A

Sea walls

Groynes

73
Q

What are examples of soft engineering?

A

Beach replenishment

Slope stabilisation

74
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sea walls?

A

Protects cliffs and buildings

Expensive

75
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of groynes?

A

Prevents sea removing sand

Exposes other areas of coastline

76
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beach replenishment?

A

Sand reduces wave energy and maintains tourism

Expensive

77
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of slope stabilisation?

A

Reduces slippage

Foot of cliff still needs protection from the waves

78
Q

What are examples of integrated costal zone management ?

A

Do nothing
Hold the line
Strategic realignment

79
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing nothing?

A

Cheap

Homes and land are lost

80
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of holding the line?

A

Existing shoreline is maintained

Expensive

81
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of strategic realignment?

A

People and activities move inland

Unpopular with local residents

82
Q

What is significant about Holderness coast’s location?

A

Rock type is soft clay so it easily eroded and is prone to slumping when saturated
Exposed to strong waves
Harder chalk rocks at Flamborough head

83
Q

What is the mean rate of erosion for Holderness coast?

A

2m/year

84
Q

What physical processes are at work at Holderness coast?

A

Coastal erosion-coast is eroded rapidly
Transportation- strong waves move material away
Mass movement- slumps

85
Q

What human processes are at work at Holderness coast?

A

Hard engineering- rock armour and groynes have protected some areas from erosion and cliffs collapsing

86
Q

What changes have been caused at Holderness coast?

A

Farmland, property and settlements have been lost to the sea

Geography (8 decks)

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