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PHGY 209 > CNS/Sensory VIII > Flashcards

CNS/Sensory VIII Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

It is the level of arousal of an individual.

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways of measuring consciousness?

A

Behaviour and brain activity.

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3
Q

What is conscious experience?

A

This refers to a capacity to experience one’s existence rather than just recording it or responding to stimuli.

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4
Q

Brain activity to determine consciousness is measured using […]

A

The EEG

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5
Q

What does the EEG measure specifically?

A

It measures the activity of neurons located near the scalp in the grey matter of the cortex.

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6
Q

In an EEG, frequency is related to […] and amplitude is related to […]

A

Responsiveness, synchronous neural activity

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7
Q

How can you tell when a seizure is occurring from an EEG?

A

The amplitude will be very large (very high levels of synchronicity) and the frequency will decrease.

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8
Q

How will an EEG differ between when an individual is relaxed and when an individual is alert?

A

When they are relaxed the frequencies will be slow and the amplitudes will be higher. When they are alert the frequencies will be faster and the amplitudes will be low.

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9
Q

When an individual is awake, their EEGs have a […] amplitude and a […] frequency.

A

Low, high

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10
Q

When an individual is relaxed with their eyes closed, the EEG pattern produced is called […]

A

An alpha rhythm

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11
Q

When an individual is alert, the EEG pattern produced is called […]

A

A beta rhythm

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12
Q

Describe how EEGs change as you go through different stages of sleep.

A

As you go from stage 1 to stage 4, the EEG goes from low amplitude and high frequency to high amplitude and low frequencies. When you enter REM sleep, the EEG is low amplitude and high frequency.

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13
Q

Describe the sequence of a sleep cycle.

A

Awake -> stage 1 -> stage 2 -> stage 3 -> stage 4 -> stage 3 -> stage 2 -> stage 1 -> REM -> stage 1 (restarts)

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14
Q

In REM sleep, name 4 physiological differences from the rest of the sleep cycles.

A
  1. Increased eye movement
  2. Increased inhibition of skeletal muscle
  3. Increased heart rate
  4. Increased respiration
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15
Q

What is sleep apnea? Describe its cause.

A

It is a sudden reduction in respiration during sleep because of the skeletal muscle inhibition during REM sleep, which causes the tongue to relax and block breathing. This interrupts the sleep cycle.

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16
Q

What are the 2 major regions of the brain responsible for circadian rhythm?

A

Reticular activating system and hypothalamus.

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17
Q

When you are awake, […] neurons are active.

A

Aminergic

18
Q

When you are asleep, […] neurons are active.

A

Cholinergic

19
Q

When you’re awake, describe the activity of the reticular activating system and the hypothalamus.

A

Reticular activating system: releases norepinephrine and serotonin (aminergic), downregulates acetylcholine.
Hypothalamus: releases histamine and downregulates GABA.

20
Q

When you’re asleep, describe the activity of the reticular activating system and the hypothalamus.

A

Reticular activating system: downregulates norepinephrine and serotonin (aminergic), releases acetylcholine (cholinergic).
Hypothalamus: releases GABA, which downregulates histamine.

21
Q

What is motivation?

A

It is the ability to assess reward which produces goal-directed behaviour.

22
Q

The motivational pathway is called the […]

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway.

23
Q

What is the major neurotransmitter involved in motivation?

A

Dopamine

24
Q

How do drugs take advantage of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

They cause the release of amphetamines, which cause the additional release of dopamine.

25
Q

Describe the major components of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.

A

Starts in the reticular activating system, then travels to the midbrain, then to the prefrontal cortex.

26
Q

What are the two major components of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus.

27
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

It encodes emotional responses to a given sensory input.

28
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

Memory.

29
Q

Give two examples of altered states of consciousness.

A

Schizophrenia or mood disorders such as depression and bipolar.

30
Q

What is the cause of depression?

A

Decreased activity in the anterior limbic system.

31
Q

How do you treat depression?

A

Increasing the levels of serotonin and norepinepherine around synapses.

32
Q

How do you treat bipolar disorder?

A

Treatments include lithium, which reduces certain synaptic signaling pathways.

33
Q

What are the two types of memories? Explain the difference between them.

A

Declarative: conscious experiences that can be put into words
Procedural memory: skilled behaviours

34
Q

What is consolidation?

A

It is the transfer of information from the short-term to the long-term memory.

35
Q

When does consolidation occur?

A

During sleep.

36
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in short term vs long term declarative memory?

A

Short term: the hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures
Long term: many areas of association cortex

37
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in short term vs long term procedural memory?

A

Short term: widely distributed
Long term: basal nuclei, cerebellum, premotor cortex

38
Q

Where are the brain structures involved in language mainly located?

A

In the left hemisphere.

39
Q

What are the two regions of the brain involved in language? State their function.

A

Broca’s area: articulation
Wernicke’s area: comprehension

40
Q

Someone with a language deficit has […]

A

Aphasia.

41
Q

What is the cause of sensory neglect? How does it manifest?

A

It is caused by damage to one parietal lobe. Individuals will stop being able to process sensory inputs from the contralateral side of the body.

PHGY 209 (33 decks)

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