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PHGY 209 > Blood III > Flashcards

Blood III Flashcards

1
Q

Red blood cells are also called […]

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

White blood cells are also called […]

A

Leukocytes

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3
Q

Platelets are also called […]

A

Thrombocytes

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4
Q

Erythrocytes are present at a concentration of […] in the blood and are the […] numerous blood cell type.

A

5 million cells/uL
Most

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5
Q

Thrombocytes are present at a concentration of […] and are the […] numerous blood cell type

A

250,000-400,000 cells/uL
Second-most

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6
Q

Leukocytes are present at a concentration of […] and are the […] numerous blood cell type.

A

8000-10,000 cells/uL
Least

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7
Q

Erythrocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

7.2 uL
Second largest

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8
Q

Thrombocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

2-3 uL
Smallest

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9
Q

Leukocytes have a diameter of […] and are the […] blood cell type.

A

10-18 uL
Largest

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10
Q

Red blood cells have a lifespan of […]

A

120 days

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11
Q

Thrombocytes have a lifespan of […]

A

7-8 days (1 week)

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12
Q

Leukocytes have a lifespan of […]

A

Anywhere from hours to many years.

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13
Q

The production of blood cells originates from […], the […], and is [the same/different] for all blood cell types.

A

A pluripotential stem cell
Inducer
The same

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14
Q

The generation of all blood cells is called […]

A

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

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15
Q

Explain the two paths that a pluripotential stem cell can take during development.

A

It can either divide and self-replicate or, if it is stimulated, become a committed stem cell and differentiate into one of the three blood cell types.

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16
Q

The production of white blood cells is called […]

A

Leukopoiesis

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17
Q

The production of platelets is called […]

A

Thrombopoiesis

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18
Q

The production of red blood cells is called […]

A

Erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are substances, proteins or peptides, which are released by one cell and affect the growth, development, and activity of another cell.

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20
Q

What is the role of cytokines in the blood? What are they called?

A

They are what influence the differentiation of pluripotential stem cells into blood cell precursors. They are referred to as Hematopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs).

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21
Q

Most Hemotopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs) are produced in the […], and some come from […]

A

Endothelial cells which line the blood vessel
White blood cells

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22
Q

In the prenatal stage, describe the major sites of hematopoiesis and the timespan of each.

A

First month: yolk sac
From month 1 to month 9: Liver and spleen
From month 3 to birth: Bone marrow of all bones

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23
Q

In the postnatal stage, describe the major sites of hematopoiesis and the timespan of each.

A

After birth, there’s a decrease in the production of blood cells by the distal long bones (arms, thighs, legs). They continue producing some blood cells until early 20s, but most hematopoiesis takes place in the axial skeleton.

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24
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The flat bones of the skull, shoulder blades, pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and proximal epiphyses of long bones.

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25
Q

Under stressful conditions, how do the sites of hematopoiesis change?

A

Adults can sometimes revert back to producing blood cells in the diaphysis of the bones. Sometimes the liver and spleen can get involved too.

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26
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

To facilitate the transport of respiratory gases (mainly oxygen, some carbon dioxide) between lungs and cells.

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27
Q

Erythrocytes have a […] shape due to […].

A

Biconcave disk, due to the presence of a fibrous protein called “spectrin” that forms a network linked to the cell membrane, which regulates the shape of the cell.

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28
Q

What is CBC?

A

It stands for complete blood count.
It comprises red blood cells, white blood cells, platelet count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration

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29
Q

Name two potential red blood cell shapes in diseased states.

A

Sickle cell: semilunar shaped
Spherocyte: ball-shaped

30
Q

Name two physiological advantages to the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte.

A
  1. Maximal surface area and minimal diffusion distance for its volume.
  2. High degree of flexibility to be able to squeeze through narrow capillaries.
31
Q

Describe the subcellular organelles in erythrocytes.

A

There are no subcellular organelles.

32
Q

The normal number of erythrocytes in males is […]

A

5.1 - 5.5 million RBCs/uL

33
Q

The normal number of erythrocytes in females is […]

A

4.5-4.8 million RBCs/uL

34
Q

What is the rate of production and rate of destruction of erythrocytes?

A

Both are equal to 2 million per second.

35
Q

Describe the composition of erythrocytes.

A

They are mostly water, 1/3 hemoglobin, and a small proportion is lipids/proteins/ions

36
Q

The major enzyme systems in erythrocytes are […]

A

Glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase

37
Q

Explain the function of glycolytic enzymes in RBCs.

A

They generate energy anaerobically by breaking down glucose into pyruvate and ATP. This replaces the energy-generating role of the mitochondria.

38
Q

Explain the function of carbonic anhydrase.

A

It is responsible for CO2 transport, as carbon dioxide is not naturally soluble in plasma. It is instead broken up into HCO3- that is soluble.

39
Q

Each molecule of hemoglobin can bind to […] molecules of […]

A

4 molecules of O2.

40
Q

When hemoglobin is combined with O2, it is known as […] (include acryonym)

A

Oxyhemoglobin (OXYHb)

41
Q

Hemoglobin once the oxygen is released is called […] (include acronym)

A

DeoxyHb

42
Q

Describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule.

A

It consists of 4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha and 2 beta. Associated to each chain is a pigment molecule known as heme. Associated with each heme is an iron (Fe++) atom to which oxygen can attach.

43
Q

There are […] molecules of hemoglobin per red blood cell.

A

200-300 million molecules/RBC.

44
Q

The molecule weight of hemoglobin is […]

A

64K.

45
Q

In lungs, hemoglobin appears […] because it is […]

A

Bright red
Saturated with O2

46
Q

In tissues, hemoglobin appears […] because it is […]

A

Dark red, dissociated from O2.

47
Q

Explain why hemoglobin is necessary in the blood.

A

The solubility of O2 in plasma is very low, at 0.3 ml/100 ml plasma. Having hemoglobin in the blood increases the carrying capacity to 20 ml/100 ml blood, which is the minimum that we need. In short, it allows for the transportation of adequate amounts of oxygen.

48
Q

Name the two other functions of hemoglobin.

A

Transport of CO2 and acting as a buffer to control the pH of blood.

49
Q

How is CO2 transported in red blood cells?

A

It is also associated to hemoglobin, but not to the heme like oxygen is. It is instead associated with the globin component.

50
Q

Name the 5 factors that affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen.

A

Temperature, ionic composition, pH, pCO2, intracellular enzyme concentration.

51
Q

Where does the production of RBCs take place?

A

The bone marrow.

52
Q

Under the influence of cytokines, what are the two possible committed groups that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into?

A

Lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells.

53
Q

What is a myeloid stem cell?

A

It is a committed stem cell group that gives rise to all blood cell types other than lymphocytes.

54
Q

What is a lymphoid stem cell?

A

It is a committed stem cell type that produces only lymphocytes.

55
Q

The […] stem cell gives rise to erythrocytes.

A

Myeloid cell.

56
Q

The main cytokine that influences red blood cell production is called […] and is secreted by the […]

A

Erythropoietin, kidney

57
Q

The differentiation of myeloid eventually gives rise to cells called [….], which are the […] to red blood cells.

A

Reticulocytes, precursor

58
Q

The process of division and differentiation of myeloid cells into reticulocytes takes […]

A

3-5 days

59
Q

Once the reticulocyte is formed, it moves into the […], where it remains recognizable for […] before transforming into a […]

A

Circulation, 24 hours, red blood cell

60
Q

Name the 3 steps of red blood cell precursor differentiation.

A
  1. Decrease in size
  2. Loss of nucleus (and organelles)
  3. Accumulation of hemoglobin
61
Q

The process of nucleus loss is known as […]

A

Pyknosis

62
Q

What feature allows reticulocytes to be recognizable from regular blood cells?

A

They still have little bits of ribosomes inside.

63
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count?

A

Around 1% (1 in every 100 red blood cells is a reticulocyte)

64
Q

The reticulocyte count reflects the […] of red blood cells

A

Rate of production

65
Q

If someone has a reticulocyte count of 5%, what does this indicate?

A

This indicate that the rate of synthesis of new red blood cells is higher than normal. This indicates that they are likely losing too much blood or that something else is wrong.

66
Q

What are the 2 main factors that determine the number of red blood cells in the body? Briefly explain.

A
  1. O2 requirements - if someone does a lot of sports, they might have a higher oxygen requirement than normal
  2. O2 availability - at higher altitudes, there will be a higher oxygen requirement since there is less available.
67
Q

The rate of erythropoiesis is […]

A

2-3 million cells/second

68
Q

As altitude increases, how does red blood cell count change?

A

It increases .

69
Q

The stimulus for the release of erythropoietin is […], which may result from […], […], or […]

A

Hypoxia, decreased red blood cell count, decreased availability of O2 to blood, increased tissue demand for O2

70
Q

Describe how the regulation of erythropoiesis maintains homeostasis.

A

When oxygen supply decreases, there is increased release of erythropoietin by the kidneys and into the plasma. This stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow, increasing RBCs and oxygen supply. This increase in oxygen supply then decreases the release of erythropoietin, creating a negative feedback loop until homeostasis is reached.

PHGY 209 (33 decks)

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