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PHGY 209 > CNS/Sensory IV > Flashcards

CNS/Sensory IV Flashcards

1
Q

Pain is detected by […]

A

Nociceptors

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2
Q

Nociceptors open in response to […]

A

Mechanical deformation, excessive temperature, or chemicals

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3
Q

Are pain afferents highly modulated or minimally modulated?

A

Highly modulated.

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4
Q

What are visceral pain receptors?

A

They are pain receptors inside your organs that are activated by inflammation.

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5
Q

When nociceptors are activated, they lead to the release of […] in the […]

A

Substance P, spinal cord

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6
Q

What is the function of substance P?

A

It is a neurotransmitter, so it activates second order neurons that send the pain signal up to the brain.

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7
Q

Nociceptors are enhanced by the release of […]

A

Substance P

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8
Q

What are the two ways in which nociceptors are enhanced?

A
  1. Enhancement of surrounding nociceptors by injured tissue and afferent feedback onto mast cells
  2. Dilation of nearby blood vessels
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9
Q

Explain how enhancement of surrounding nociceptors by injured tissue works.

A

When substance P is released, mast cells are prompted to release histamine. The cells around the injury become more susceptible to injury, and when they burst, they release bradykinin, 5-HT, and Prostaglandin. This creates a feedback loop that increases the sensitivity of the injury and continues the release of histamine and the other substances.

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10
Q

Explain how enhancement of nociceptors by dilation of nearby blood vessels works.

A

The dilation of blood vessels causes swelling, which further enhances injury due to a simple somatosensory stimulation.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of somatosensory enhancement?

A

To tell you not to use the injured part of your body until healing has occurred.

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12
Q

Nociceptor enhancement is a […] mechanism called […]

A

Bottom-up, hyperalgesia

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13
Q

What are the 2 pathways that carry somatosensory information?

A

Dorsal columns and anterolateral pathway

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14
Q

What type of stimulus do the dorsal columns and anterolateral pathways transport?

A

Dorsal columns: touch and proprioception
Anterolateral: temperature and pain

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15
Q

Describe the 4 steps of the travel of a signal up the dorsal columns pathway.

A

1.Signal travels along spinal nerve and enters spinal cord via dorsal root ganglion.
2. Signal travels along dorsal columns on ipsilateral side and reaches medulla in midbrain.
3. Signal crosses at midline and travels up (via medial lemniscus) to thalamas on contralateral side.
4. Signal continues on to the somatosensory cortex.

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16
Q

Describe the 4 steps of travel of a signal up the anterolateral pathway.

A
  1. The signal travels along the spinal nerve and enters spinal cord through dorsal root ganglion then dorsal horn.
  2. Travels to contralateral side of spinal cord and then goes up via the anterolateral column.
  3. The signal travels up and branches into the reticular formation and goes up into the thalamus.
  4. The signal travels on to the somatosensory cortex.
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17
Q

If there is a lesion on the dorsal root, what part of the nervous system will it affect?

A

It will lead to ipsilateral loss of sensation at the level of the lesion.

18
Q

If there is a lesion on the spinal cord itself, what part of the nervous system will it affect?

A

It will lead to ipsilateral loss of sensation at and below the level of the lesion.

19
Q

If someone has loss of touch and proprioception starting at the left hand and proceeding down to the toes, all else being normal, where is their lesion?

A

Touch and proprioception = dorsal column pathway
Left hand = left cervical nerves
At and below = injury to dorsal columns
Answer: left cervical dorsal columns

20
Q

If someone has bilateral loss of touch and proprioception from the bellybutton down to the toes, all else being normal, where is their lesion?

A

Touch and proprioception = dorsal columns pathay
Bilateral = injury at the enter
Bellybutton = lower thoracic
At and below = injury to dorsal columns
Answer: both dorsal columns at lower thoracic

21
Q

If someone has bilateral loss of pain and temperature in a thin strip at the level of the lower chest, all else being normal, where is their lesion?

A

Pain and temperature = anterolateral
Thin strip = injury to dorsal root
Lower chest = thoracic
Bilateral = both sides injured
Answer: lesion must be at the center of the grey matter (to block off signals from either side only at that level)

22
Q

If someone has loss of touch and proprioception on their entire left side from the belly button down, loss of temperature and pain on their entire right side from the bellow button down, and loss of touch and temperature/pain along a thin strip on their left side, where are their lesions?

A

Loss of temperature and pain on right side: lesion on left anterolateral column
Loss of touch and proprioception on left side: lesion on left dorsal column
Loss of both along thin strip on left side: lesion on left dorsal root

23
Q

What is a somatotopic map?

A

It is a map depicting how somatosensory information is organized in the brain depending on what part of the body the signal is coming from. The size of the body part on the map represents the acuity of the area.

24
Q

Put the following body parts in order on a somatotopic map: genitals, face, tongue, hands, legs, back, arms, feet

A

Heading towards the midline: tongue, face, hands, arms, back, legs, feet, genitals

25
Q

What body parts occupy the most space on a somatotopic map? What does this say about their acuity?

A

Hands and head. This means that they have the highest acuity (and thus most sensitivity)

26
Q

What is referred pain? Give an example

A

It is when the brain incorrectly assigns pain to the skin when a pain signal is actually coming from somewhere else (usually the inside of the body). For example, when someone is having a heart attack, they experience pain in their left arm.

27
Q

Explain the cause of referred pain.

A

Visceral and somatic pain afferents commonly synapse on the same neurons in the spinal cord. So, when a signal arrives at the synapse, the brain might assign the pain to the skin, where you will feel pain, instead of to the correct place.

28
Q

The regulation of nociceptive information is called […] and is a […] process

A

Analgesia, top-down (descending)

29
Q

Where does analgesia take place?

A

It gets activated as pain travels up through the midbrain, and then travels down and takes action at the synapse in the spinal code, affecting the second order neuron.

30
Q

Analgesia is a form of […]

A

Presynaptic inhibition

31
Q

In analgesia, the descending pathways release […]

A

Opiate neurotransmitters

32
Q

What is the effect of opiate neurotransmitters released during analgesia?

A

They stop the release of substance P in the spinal cord, thus reducing pain.

33
Q

Give an example of a pain-reduction drug and where it takes action.

A

Morphine. Its site of action is the opiate neurotransmitter receptors that are used in analgesia.

34
Q

If someone feels pain on the left side of their neck without reason, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Lung and diaphragm

35
Q

If someone feels pain on the right side of their neck without reason, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Liver and gallbladder

36
Q

If someone feels pain on the left side of their chest without reason, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Heart

37
Q

If someone feels pain on the right side of their ribcage without reason, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Liver and gallbladder

38
Q

If someone feels pain on the sides of their hips, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Kidney

39
Q

If someone feels pain on the lower right side of their body, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Appendix

40
Q

If someone feels pain around the private parts or butt, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Urinary bladder

41
Q

If someone feels pain at the center of their chest or back, what is the likely source of the pain?

A

Stomach

PHGY 209 (33 decks)

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