Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Step 1 > CNS Pathoma > Flashcards

CNS Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

What vitamin is necessary to prevent neural tube defects?

A

Folate, levels must be high enough prior to coneception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a common characteristic seen during pregnancy due to anencephaly?

A

polyhydramnios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most common cause of hydrocephalus in newborns?

A

cerebral aqueduct stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What clinical finding is seen in children with cerebral aqueduct stenosis?

A

enlarging head cirumference due to dilation of the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is degenerated in syringlomyelia?

A

C8-T1 degeneration of the anterior white commissure, sometimes with involvement of the anterior horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What sxs are seen in syringomyelia?

A

loss of pain and temp in upper extremities, sensation intact. If involves anterior horn, then LMN signs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What sxs will present if syringomyelia spreads to invole the lateral horn?

A

Horner syndrome, loss of hypothalamospinal tract which carries sympathetics to the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Poliomyelitis spreads to CNS via what manner?

A

spreads through the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is damaged in poliomyelitis? sxs?

A

anterior motor horn– LMN signs (flaccid paralysis, myscle atrophy, fasiculations, weakness with dec muscle tone, impaired reflexes, negative babinski downward toes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Wednig-Hoffman Disease?

A

inherited degeneration of anterior motor horn, presents as a “floppy baby”, death in a few years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What gives rise to the LMN lesions in ALS?

A

degernation of anterio motor horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What gives rise to UMN lesions in ALS?

A

degeneration of lateral corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you differentatie between syringomyelia and ALS?

A

ALS is only motor loss, sensation intact. Syringomyelia is loss of sensation (pain and temp)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What mutated enzyme can lead to ALS?

A

zinc-copper superoxide dismutase mutation– leads to free radical injury in neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the frataxin gene in friedreich ataxia involved in?

A

mitochondrial iron regulation–loss or mutation of this gene results in iron buildup and free radical damage (fenton reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What heart condition is associated with Friedrich’s Ataxia?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does N. meningitidis spread to the brain?

A

enters through the nasopharynx and enters the blood to access the meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do you place the needle for a lumbar puncture?

A

@ L4-L5 (level of iliac crest). Spinal cord ends at L2, but subarachnoid space and cauda equina continue to S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What layers are transversed during a lumbar puncture?

A

skin, ligaments, epidural space, dura and arachnoid. Do not pierce the pia!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What two major classes of cerebrovascular disease exist?

A

Can be ischemic or hemorrhagic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two classes of ischemic cerebrovascular disease exist?

A

Focal and global

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the common causes of global cerebral ischemia?

A

Low perfusion (atherosclerosis), acute decrease in blood flow (cardiogenic shock), chronic hypoxia (anemia), and repeated episodes of hypoglycemia (insulinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What areas of the brain are most suspetible to moderate global ischemia?

A

Watershed areas, pyramidal neurons (layers 3, 5, 6) and purkinje layer of the cerebellum

24
Q

What type of necrosis can damage to the purkinje layers lead to?

A

laminar necrosis, creates a line of necrosis

25
Q

Definition of transient ischemic attack?

A

if symptoms of stoke last less than 24 hours

26
Q

What causes a thombotic stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis, which usually develops at branching points (MCA and internal carotid bifurcation in circle of wilils)

27
Q

What does a thrombotic stroke look like?

A

pale infarct in the periphery of the cortex

28
Q

What causes an embolic stroke?

A

a fib, clot from left heart that lodges in the MCA

29
Q

What will an embolic stroke look like grossly?

A

hemorrhagic infarct (thrombus lysed allowing reperfusion of the cortex)

30
Q

What causes a lacunar stroke?

A

hyaline arteriolosclerosis– due to benign HTN, diabetes. Infarction of lenticulostriate vessels resulting in small cystic areas of the brain

31
Q

What causes a pure motor stroke?

A

infarction of internal capsule

32
Q

What causes a pure sensory stroke?

A

infarction of the thalamus

33
Q

What is the first sign of liquefactive necrosis in the brain

A

Red neurons, see at 12 hours

34
Q

What is the end result of a lacunar stroke after healing?

A

fluid filled cystic space that is surrounded by gliosis

35
Q

What is a common cause of a intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm of lenticulostriate vessels due to hypertention and hyaline arteriolosclerosis which weaksens the vessel wall

36
Q

What is the most common site of a intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

basal ganglia

37
Q

Why is the lumbar puncture yellow in subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

xanthochromia–yellow hue due to bilirubin breakdown

38
Q

Where will a berry aneurysm most likely occur?

A

branch points of ACA in circle of willis, due to the lack of a media layer at branching points

39
Q

What is a complication of tonsillar herniation?

A

cardiopulmonary arrest–cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum

40
Q

Complication of uncal herniation?

A

Compress CNIII (down and out eye), compress PCA (contralateral homonymous hemianopsia), rupture of paramedian artery (brainstem hemorrhage)

41
Q

What causes progressive multifocal leukoencepharlopathy?

A

JC Virus of oligodendrocytes, in immunosuppressed patients

42
Q

What brain matter is affected in MS?

A

autoimmune destruction of myelin and oligodendrocytes.

43
Q

What eye issue is commonly associated with MS?

A

internuclear ophthalmoplegia- damage to the MLF

44
Q

What gene is associated with increased risk and decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

increased risk- ApoE4

decreased risk- ApoE2

(4>2=inc risk in 4)

45
Q

What gene is associated with early onset alzheimers?

A

presenilin 1

46
Q

On what chromosome is APP located on, and what population is at increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s because of this?

A

Chr 21– Downs

47
Q

What is cerebral amyloid angiopathy?

A

Amyloid can also deposit around the vessels increasing the risk of hemorrhage

48
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles made of?

A

hyperphosphorylated tau–Alzheimers

49
Q

What neurotransmitter is dec in Alzheimers and where is it normally located?

A

loss of ACh from the nucleus of meynert

50
Q

What are the histological findings of Alzheimers?

A

neurofibrillary tangles (tau) and neuritic plaques (extracellular AB amyloid with entangled neuritic processes)

51
Q

What part of the brain is affected by Pick’s disease?

A

frontal and temporal lobe

52
Q

What is the histological finding in Pick’s disease?

A

Pick bodies–round saggregates of tau protine in neurons of the cortex

53
Q

What disease is due to a loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson Disease

54
Q

What drug contaminant has been linked to Parkinson Disease?

A

MPTP contaiminant in illicit drugs

55
Q

What are the hisotlogical findings of Parkinson Disease?

A

eosinophilic inclusion of alpha-synuclein Lewy bodies found in the substantia nigra

56
Q

What disease is associated with degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the caudate nucleus?

A

Huntington Disease

57
Q

When are the extra trinucleotide repeats gained in Huntington Disease?

A

during spermatogenesis, leads to anticipation

Step 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions