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Neuroanatomy > CNS FA17- Visual System > Flashcards

CNS FA17- Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the lateral protrusions that form the optic cup?

A

The diencephalon

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2
Q

The ______ forms the retina?

A

Optic cup

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3
Q

The optic cup is connected to the diencephalon via

A

The optic stalk

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4
Q

The optic stalk becomes

A

Optic nerve

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5
Q

T/F: The retina and optic nerve are derived directly from diencephalon

A

True

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6
Q

Is the Optic nerve surrounded by CSF

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are the retinal cell types?

Astrick the main three

A

Photoreceptors *

Bipolar neurons *

Ganglion cells *

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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8
Q

Which retinal cells types are a part of the neuron chain that converts light into recognizable images?

A

Photoreceptors —>

Bipolar neurons —>

Ganglion cells —>

Brain

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9
Q

Which are the retinal interneuron cells?

A

Horizontal

Amacrine

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10
Q

Which retinal cell receives the outside stimuli?

A

Photoreceptors

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11
Q

Type of photoreceptors that is Rod shaped and located at the periphery of the retinal.

They do not respond to light but respond to movement and Shapes and forms

A

Rods

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12
Q

Type of photoreceptors that is cone shaped, more numerous in the center of the retina and need light to work.

Stimulated by color

A

Cones

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13
Q

Retinal cells that are relay neurons that come in two types (atleast)

A

Bipolar neurons

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14
Q

Two types of bipolar neurons?

A

On-excite

Off-inhibit

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15
Q

Retinal cell type whose axons form the optic nerve.

It is considered projection neuron, output neurons and leaves the retina!

A

Ganglion

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16
Q

Where are the rods and cones located within the retina?

A

Outer nuclear layer

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17
Q

Outer synaptic/ outer plexiform layer is the location of which action in the visual chain?

A

Where Photoreceptors synapse with bipolar cells

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18
Q

Location of horizontal cells in the retinal?

A

Outer synaptic/plexiform layer

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19
Q

Ganglion cell location

A

Ganglion cell layer

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20
Q

Bipolar neurons (rod and Cone) and inter plexiform cell are located where in the retina?

A

Inner nuclear layer

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21
Q

What action occurs in the inner synaptic layer of the retina?

A

Bipolar synapses with ganglion cells

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22
Q

Amacrine cell location

A

Inner synaptic layer/plexiform

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23
Q

Function of the horizontal cells

A

Fine tuning of depth

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24
Q

Function of amacrine cells

A

Contrast enhancement

Motion detectors

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25
Q

How does light come into hit the rods and cones?

A

Optic nerve fiber layer —>

Ganglion cell layer —>

Inner plexiform layer —>

Inner nuclear layer —>

Outer plexiform layer —>

Outer nuclear layer —>

Rod and cone layer

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26
Q

Light travels through the many layer except at this point because the retinal cells other than the photoreceptors are pushed to the side and light directly hits it?

A

Fovea centralis

27
Q

T/F: The fovea centralis is the center of the retina

A

True

28
Q

From retina where does stimulus go?

A

Retina —> lateral geniculate body/nucleus in thalamus —> visual cortex

29
Q

Optic tract splits into two strias.

This stria of the optic tract goes to lateral geniculate nucleus, then onto the cortex

A

Lateral stria

30
Q

The optic tract splits into two strias:

This stria goes to the superior colliculus, pretectal area and suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Medial stria

31
Q

Function of superior colliculus in the visual pathway

A

Eye or head movement towards the stimulus

32
Q

Pretectal area function in the visual pathway

A

Pupillary light reflex

33
Q

Suprachiasmatic reflex (part of hypothalamus) function in visual pathway

A

Sleep/wake cycle

34
Q

T/F: IT matters what you are looking at as it pertains to the superior colliculus function

A

False

35
Q

T/F: Pretectal areas and suprachiasmatic nucleus focus of the amount of light coming in

A

True

36
Q

Definition: Stimulus that is being seen from outside world

A

Visual field

37
Q

Which stria of the optic tract split discerns what is being seen?

A

Lateral stria

38
Q

Definition: How stimulus being seen hits the retina

A

Retinal field

39
Q

Does the nasal retinal/ medial retinal field cross over? Where?

A

Crosses over at the optic chiasm

40
Q

Does thelateral retinal field/temporal retinal field cross over?

A

No

41
Q

Things that are temporal in the visual field hit which aspect of the retinal field as the pass through the lens?

A

Medial/nasal retinal field

42
Q

Things that are central in the visual field hit which aspect of the retinal field as they pass through the lens?

A

The lateral/temporarily retinal field

43
Q

Visual cortex is located

A

Occipital lobe surrounding calcarine sulcus

44
Q

What are the six layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

4 are parvocellular neurons

2 are magnocellular (1st 2)

45
Q

The first two layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus respond to

A

Movement

Form/shape

46
Q

The remaining 4 layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus responds to

A

Color

Some shape and form

47
Q

The two magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus get their input from

A

Rods

48
Q

The 4 parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive input from

A

Cones

49
Q

Which layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus receive contralateral input?

A

1

4

6

50
Q

Layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus that receives ipsilateral input

A

2

3

5

51
Q

The origin and insertion of the optic radiations in the visual pathway?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus —> visual cortex

52
Q

All of the lamina of the lateral geniculate nucleus go to which layer of the visual cortex?

A

Layer four of visual cortex

53
Q

Layer four of the visual cortex receives all the input from lateral geniculate nucleus into organizing input in which way?

A

Ipsilateral

Contralateral

54
Q

Neurons in lamina 4 project fibers where

A

Other layers of visual cortex

55
Q

The upper three layer of the visual cortex (3,2,1) send the input where?

A

Extrastriate cortical region AKA association visual cortex

56
Q

Layer 5 of the visual cortex sends the input where and what is its function?

A

Superior colliculus

Reinforce looking at stimulus, consciously

Slightly delayed

57
Q

Function of associational visual cortex/ extrastriate cortical regions

A

Makes association between previous stimuli and new stimulus

58
Q

Layer 6 of the visual cortex sends input where and what is its function?

A

To lateral geniculate nucleus

Negative reflex for negative feedback loop

59
Q

Cut through optic nerve results in

A

Loss of vision in one eye

Total blindness of ipsilateral eye

60
Q

Cut through the optic chiasm results in

A

Medial retinal field is lesioned so you can’t see what’s lateral in visual field

(Ispilateral nasal hemianpsia)

(Tunnel vision)

61
Q

Cut through optic tract results in

A

Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia

62
Q

Meyer loop

A

Contralateral fibers of optic tract that go into the temporal lobe

63
Q

Cut through optic radiation closer to visual cortex results in

A

Contralateral homoymous hemianopsia with macular sparring

64
Q

Why does macular sparing occur?

A

Receive information from fovea so it has a higher representation in the cortex

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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