CNS Flashcards by Paolo Tapiador

Unpaired skull bones

Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Vomer
Mandible

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Movable skull bones

Vomer

Mandible

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Junction of frontal and nasal bones

Nasion

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Jxn of parietonastoid
Occipital
Lambdoid

Asterion

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Jxn of frontal
Temporal
Parietal and great wing of sphenoid

Pterion

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Jxn of lambdoid and sagittal suture

Lambda

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Future site of bregma

Anterior fontanelle

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Future site of lambda

Posterior fontanelle

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Age of closure of anterior fontanelle

18months

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Weakest part of skull

Pterion

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Artery may be injured in temporal bone fracture

Middle meningeal artery

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Nerve exits anterior cranial fossa

cn 1

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Horizontal fracture superior to maxillary alveolar process

Leforte I

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Central part of the face separated from cranium

Le fort II

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Maxilla and zygomatic separated from cranium

Le fort III

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Tendinous sheet covering the calvaria

Aponeurosis

GALEA APONEUROTICA

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Layers of SCALP

skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum/pericranium

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Three primary brain vesicles

Forebrain-prosencephalon
Midbrain- mesencephalon
Hindbrain- rhombencephalon

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At 5th week of devt

The prosencephalon becomes…

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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At 5th week of devt the mesencephalon becomes

None

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At 5th week of devt the rhombencephalon becomes…

Metencphslin snd myelencephalon

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Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
Neurolemmal sheath of PNS
Meninges
Pigmented cells of retina
Cells of adrenal medulla
Are derivatives of...

Neural crest cells

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Failure of ncc migration, mutation in RET gene, absent auerbach and meissner plexus
PE: squirt sign

Hirschsprung dx

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Structure which divides supratentorial and infra tentorial

Tentorium cerebelli

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Meninges of the brain

Dura Arachnoid Pia

Dura mater extensions

Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli

Sensory supply of dura matter

Trigeminal and first 3 cervical nerves

Membrane covering between pia and dura mater

Arachnoid

Space filled with CSF

Subarachnoid space

Gyrus fxn: | Precentral gyrus

Motor cortex

Gyrus fxn: | Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory

Gyrus fxn: | Heschl gyrus

Primary auditory cortex

Gyrus fxn: | Occipital lobe BA 17

Primary visual area

Gyrus fxn: | Inferior frontal gyrus BA 44-45

Motor aphasia | Brocas

Gyrus fxn: | Superior temporal gyrus BA 22

Sensory aphasia

Lobes separated by cingulate sulcus from cingulate gyrus

Frontal and parietal

Artery affected Motor and sensory of lower limb Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of lower limb

ACA

Artery affected Contralateral Upper limb and face, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe Dominant: aphasia Non dominant: hemineglect

MCA

Artery affected Occipital lobe Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

PCA

Decussation of corticospinal tract

Lower medulla

Manifestation if lesion is above level of decussation

Contralateral

Manifestation if lesion is below level of decussation

Ipsilateral

Only sensory does not reach thalamus

Smell

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei: | Medial geniculate

Auditory

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei: | Lateral geniculate

Visual

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei: | VPM

Sensory

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei: | VPL and ventral anterior

Motor

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei: | Anterior

Emotional tone and memory

Syndrom of thalamic infarction which manifest as pure sensory loss and HEMILATERAL PAIN on contralateral side without weakness (hypersensitive)

Dejerine- roussy syndrome

Cerebellum: Coordination of movements, regulate muscle tone Also known: paleocerebellum or spino cerebellum

Anterior lobe

Cerebellum: Coordinate voluntary movements Known: neocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

Posterior love

Cerebellum: Equilibrium Known: archicerebellum or vestibulocerebellum

Floculonodular love

``` Cerebellar lesions: Ataxia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Intention tremor Usually vascular ```

Posterior lobe syndrom

Cerebellar lesions: Marked gait instability Usually metabolic

Anterior lobe syndrome

Cerebellar lesions: Truncal ataxia Usually neoplastic Medulloblastoma

Floculonodular lobe syndrome

Loc of lateral ventricle

Each cerebral hemispheres

Loc of 3rd ventricle

Diencephalon

Loc of 4th ventricle

Hindbrain

CSF flow

``` LV IVF/ Foramen of Monroe 3rd ventricle Aqueduct of sylvius or iter 4th ventricle Foramen of magendie ans luschka Subarachnoid space Arachnoid villi Superior sagittal sinus Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein ```

Produces CSF

Choroid plexus

Site of lumbar puncture

L3-4

Composed of corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

Basal ganglia

Disease with degeneration of Substantia nigra

Parkinson disease

Disease usually results from damage to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus usually results from stroke of PCA

Hemiballismus

CN purely sensory

CN I, II VIII

CN purely motor

CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII

CN both sensory and motor

CN V, VII, IX, X

CN with Parasympathetic components

CN III VII IX X

CN pass anterior cranial fossa

CN I

CN pass middle cranial fossa

``` CN II III IV V VI ```

CN pass posterior cranial fossa

``` CN VII VIII IX X XI XII I ```

Structure in foramen rotundum

Maxillary nerve CN V2

Structure in optic canal

CN II and ophthalmic artery

Structure in foramen ovale

CN V3 | Accessory meningeal artery

Structure in internal acoustic meatus

CN VII VIII LABYRINTHINE ARTERY

Structure in jugular foramen

CN IV X XI | POSTERIOR MENINGEAL ARTERY

structure in hypoglossal canal

CN XII

Lesions of cranial nerve: | Anosmia

CN I

Lesions of cranial nerve: Blindness Loss of direct pupillary reflex

CN II

Lesions of cranial nerve: Deafness Loss of balance Absent vestibulo ocular reflex

CNN VIII

Lesions of cranial nerve: Diplopia Ptosis Dilated and fixed pupil

CN III

Lesions of cranial nerve: Diplopia Extorsion of eyes Weak downward gaze

CN IV

Lesions of cranial nerve: Diplopia Medial deviation Abductor paralysis

CN VI

Lesions of cranial nerve: Facial hemianesthesia, paralysis of msc mastication Deviation of jaw to weak side Loss of GENERAL sensation of ant 2/3 of tongue

CN V

``` Lesions of cranial nerve: Facial paralysis, loss of corneal blink reflex Hyperacusis Dry mouth, loss of lacrimation Loss of TASTE of ant 2/3 👅 ```

CN VII

Lesions of cranial nerve: Dysphagia Loss of taste and common sensation of posterior tongue 👅 Loss of gag

CN IX

Lesions of cranial nerve: | Dysphonia, dyspnea, dysarthria, dysphagia, loss of gag, uvula deviation

CN X

Lesions of cranial nerve: | Weakness of head turning toward opposite side and shoulder shrugging

CN XI

Lesions of cranial nerve: Hemiparalysis of tongue 👅 Deviation towards weak side

CN XII

Branches of common carotid artery

External and interna carotid

What divides subclavian artery into 3 parts

SCALENOUS ANTERIOR

Main arteries of CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Internal carotid Vertebral Basilar

Arteries where occulomotor nerve passes at the base of the brain

Posterior cerebral- posterior communicating arteries

Saccular dilatations of walls arteries | Worst headache

Berry aneurysm

Most common loc of berry aneurysm

Anterior part of circle of willis (ant communicating, posterior communicating or MCA)

Dangerous area/triangle of the face

Root of nose and twi angles of mouth

Dermal origin of fascial msc

Mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arche

Nerve supply of muscles of facial expression

Facial nerve

Trumpeters musc | Blowing/sucking msc

Buccinator

Smiling musc

Zygomaticus

Grinning musc

Risorius

Chin msc

Mentalis

Kissing msc

Orbicularis oris

Bloof supply of face

External carotid

Venous drainage of face

Facial vein and retromandibular vein

From infections of orbit, nasal sinus, superior part of face | Dangerous triangle

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Structures affected in cavernous sinus thrombosis

CN III IV VI, V1 V2 | Internal carotid artery

Great cerebral vein of Galen directly drains to

Straight sinus

``` Type intracranial hemorrhage: Middle meningeal artery Presses motor area in precentral gyrus Convex Lenticular ```

Epidural

``` Type intracranial hemorrhage: Tearing of superior cerebral veins or bridging veins Trauma Concave Crescent ```

Subdural

Type intracranial hemorrhage: Ruptured congenital aneurysm Blood stained csf Hyperattenuation of circle of willis

Subarachnoid

``` Type intracranial hemorrhage: Lenticulostriate artery of middle cerebral Hemiplegia of opposite side Within brain parenchyma Hyperattenuation of brain parenchyma ```

Cerebral

Msc that opens jaw

Lateral pterygoid

Msc closes jaw

Temporalis Masseter Medial pterygoid

Motor innervation of msc of mastication

Trigeminal nerve

Terminal branches of facial nerve

``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```

Efferent limb of corneal blink reflex

Facial nerve

Afferent limb of corneal blink reflex

Nasocilliary nerve of V1

Innervation of msc of phonation

Cn X | Vagus

Innervation of msc of deglutition

cn IX | glossopharyngeal

Composition of nasal septum

Ethmoid Vomer Septal cartilage

Sinuses present at birth

Maxillary | Ethmoid

Opening at superior meatus

Posterior ethmoidal sinus

Opening at middle meatus

Anterior ethmoid sinus Middle ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus Frontal sinus

Opening at inferior meatus

Nasolacrimal duct

Composition of Kiesselbach plexus:

Sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, superior labial

Kind of muscle of the tongue 👅

Striated muscle

Divides tongue into right and left

Median groove/ median sulcus

Attachment of tongue superiorly

Styloid process and soft palate

Attachment of tongue 👅 below

Mandible and hyoid bone

Intrinsic msc of the tongue innervation

Hypoglossal nerve

Extrinsic msc of the tongue

Palatoglossus Styloglossys Hypoglossus Genioglossus

Innervation of tongue ext msc EXCEPT palatoglossus

Cn XII

Innervation of palatoglossus

CN 10

Epiglottis receives innervation for both general and taste sensory from

Internal laryngeal of VAGUS nerve

Blood supply kf tongue

Lingual artery from external carotid

Venous drainage of tongue

Lingual vein from internal jugular vein

Internal strabismus results from injury to what nerve

CN VI

Optic pathway | Monocular vision loss

Optic nerve

Optic pathway | Bitemporal hemianopsia

Optic chiasm

Optic pathway | Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Optic tract

Optic pathway | Contralateral superior quadrantanopsia

Inferior optic radiation Temporal pathway Mayers loop

Optic pathway | Contralateral inferior quadrantanopsia

Superior optic radiation

Another name of pituitary gland

Hypophysis cerebri

Location of pituitary gland

Sella turcica (part of sphenoid bone)

Parts adenohypophysis (anterior pit)

Para distalis Pars intermedia Pars tuberalis

Parts of neurohypophysis (posterior)

Pars nervosa | Infundibulum

Blood supply of anterior pituitary

Superior hypophyseal artery from internal carotid artery

Blood supply of posterior pituitary and infundibulum

Superior hypophyseal artery Infundibular artery Inferior hypophyseal artery

Origin of anterior pituitary

Rathke pouch | Hypophyseal pouch

Origin of posterior pituitary

Neurohypophysial bud

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

ADH | OXYTOCIN

Another name of pineal gland

Epiphysis cerebri

Hormone produced by pineal gland

Melatonin

Calcified secretions of pineal gland

Corpora arenacea | Brain sands

Innervation of auricle

CN V VII X

Innervation of external auditory meatus

CN V VII IX X

Innervation of external surface of TM

CN V VII IX X

Nerve supply of internal surface of TM

CN IX

Seen At thr anteroinferior quadrant of TM

Cone of light

CN that runs at thr tympanic cavity

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII

Auditory ossicles

Malleus Incus Stapes

Membrane that separates scala media and scala tympani

Basilar membrane

ChAnnels of the cochlea from superior to inferior

Scala vestibuli Scala media Scala tympani

Separates scala vestibuli and media

Vestibular membrane or | Reissner membrane

Fluid in scala media and tympani

Perilymph

Fluid in scala media

Endolymph

Sensory organ for linear acceleration

Maculae utricle and saccule

Organ for angular acceleration

Ampullae of semicircular duct

Normal anatomical position of the human body

Body erect, head anterior and forearm on the side supinated, lower limbs close together with parallel feet