CNS Flashcards
Unpaired skull bones
Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Vomer Mandible
Movable skull bones
Vomer
Mandible
Junction of frontal and nasal bones
Nasion
Jxn of parietonastoid
Occipital
Lambdoid
Asterion
Jxn of frontal
Temporal
Parietal and great wing of sphenoid
Pterion
Jxn of lambdoid and sagittal suture
Lambda
Future site of bregma
Anterior fontanelle
Future site of lambda
Posterior fontanelle
Age of closure of anterior fontanelle
18months
Weakest part of skull
Pterion
Artery may be injured in temporal bone fracture
Middle meningeal artery
Nerve exits anterior cranial fossa
cn 1
Horizontal fracture superior to maxillary alveolar process
Leforte I
Central part of the face separated from cranium
Le fort II
Maxilla and zygomatic separated from cranium
Le fort III
Tendinous sheet covering the calvaria
Aponeurosis
GALEA APONEUROTICA
Layers of SCALP
skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum/pericranium
Three primary brain vesicles
Forebrain-prosencephalon
Midbrain- mesencephalon
Hindbrain- rhombencephalon
At 5th week of devt
The prosencephalon becomes…
Telencephalon and diencephalon
At 5th week of devt the mesencephalon becomes
None
At 5th week of devt the rhombencephalon becomes…
Metencphslin snd myelencephalon
Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves Neurolemmal sheath of PNS Meninges Pigmented cells of retina Cells of adrenal medulla Are derivatives of...
Neural crest cells
Failure of ncc migration, mutation in RET gene, absent auerbach and meissner plexus
PE: squirt sign
Hirschsprung dx
Structure which divides supratentorial and infra tentorial
Tentorium cerebelli
Meninges of the brain
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Dura mater extensions
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli
Sensory supply of dura matter
Trigeminal and first 3 cervical nerves
Membrane covering between pia and dura mater
Arachnoid
Space filled with CSF
Subarachnoid space
Gyrus fxn:
Precentral gyrus
Motor cortex
Gyrus fxn:
Postcentral gyrus
Primary somatosensory
Gyrus fxn:
Heschl gyrus
Primary auditory cortex
Gyrus fxn:
Occipital lobe BA 17
Primary visual area
Gyrus fxn:
Inferior frontal gyrus BA 44-45
Motor aphasia
Brocas
Gyrus fxn:
Superior temporal gyrus BA 22
Sensory aphasia
Lobes separated by cingulate sulcus from cingulate gyrus
Frontal and parietal
Artery affected
Motor and sensory of lower limb
Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of lower limb
ACA
Artery affected
Contralateral Upper limb and face, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe
Dominant: aphasia
Non dominant: hemineglect
MCA
Artery affected
Occipital lobe
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
PCA
Decussation of corticospinal tract
Lower medulla
Manifestation if lesion is above level of decussation
Contralateral
Manifestation if lesion is below level of decussation
Ipsilateral
Only sensory does not reach thalamus
Smell
Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:
Medial geniculate
Auditory
Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:
Lateral geniculate
Visual
Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:
VPM
Sensory
Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:
VPL and ventral anterior
Motor
Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:
Anterior
Emotional tone and memory
Syndrom of thalamic infarction which manifest as pure sensory loss and HEMILATERAL PAIN on contralateral side without weakness (hypersensitive)
Dejerine- roussy syndrome
Cerebellum:
Coordination of movements, regulate muscle tone
Also known: paleocerebellum or spino cerebellum
Anterior lobe
Cerebellum:
Coordinate voluntary movements
Known: neocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
Posterior love
Cerebellum:
Equilibrium
Known: archicerebellum or vestibulocerebellum
Floculonodular love
Cerebellar lesions: Ataxia Dysmetria Dysdiadochokinesia Intention tremor Usually vascular
Posterior lobe syndrom
Cerebellar lesions:
Marked gait instability
Usually metabolic
Anterior lobe syndrome
Cerebellar lesions:
Truncal ataxia
Usually neoplastic
Medulloblastoma
Floculonodular lobe syndrome
Loc of lateral ventricle
Each cerebral hemispheres
Loc of 3rd ventricle
Diencephalon
Loc of 4th ventricle
Hindbrain
CSF flow
LV IVF/ Foramen of Monroe 3rd ventricle Aqueduct of sylvius or iter 4th ventricle Foramen of magendie ans luschka Subarachnoid space Arachnoid villi Superior sagittal sinus Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Internal jugular vein
Produces CSF
Choroid plexus
Site of lumbar puncture
L3-4
Composed of corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra
Basal ganglia
Disease with degeneration of Substantia nigra
Parkinson disease
Disease usually results from damage to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus usually results from stroke of PCA
Hemiballismus
CN purely sensory
CN I, II VIII
CN purely motor
CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII
CN both sensory and motor
CN V, VII, IX, X
CN with Parasympathetic components
CN III
VII
IX
X
CN pass anterior cranial fossa
CN I
CN pass middle cranial fossa
CN II III IV V VI
CN pass posterior cranial fossa
CN VII VIII IX X XI XII I
Structure in foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve CN V2
Structure in optic canal
CN II and ophthalmic artery
Structure in foramen ovale
CN V3
Accessory meningeal artery
Structure in internal acoustic meatus
CN VII
VIII
LABYRINTHINE ARTERY
Structure in jugular foramen
CN IV X XI
POSTERIOR MENINGEAL ARTERY
structure in hypoglossal canal
CN XII
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Anosmia
CN I
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Blindness
Loss of direct pupillary reflex
CN II
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Deafness
Loss of balance
Absent vestibulo ocular reflex
CNN VIII
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Ptosis
Dilated and fixed pupil
CN III
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Extorsion of eyes
Weak downward gaze
CN IV
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Medial deviation
Abductor paralysis
CN VI
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Facial hemianesthesia, paralysis of msc mastication
Deviation of jaw to weak side
Loss of GENERAL sensation of ant 2/3 of tongue
CN V
Lesions of cranial nerve: Facial paralysis, loss of corneal blink reflex Hyperacusis Dry mouth, loss of lacrimation Loss of TASTE of ant 2/3 👅
CN VII
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Dysphagia
Loss of taste and common sensation of posterior tongue 👅
Loss of gag
CN IX
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Dysphonia, dyspnea, dysarthria, dysphagia, loss of gag, uvula deviation
CN X
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Weakness of head turning toward opposite side and shoulder shrugging
CN XI
Lesions of cranial nerve:
Hemiparalysis of tongue 👅
Deviation towards weak side
CN XII
Branches of common carotid artery
External and interna carotid
What divides subclavian artery into 3 parts
SCALENOUS ANTERIOR
Main arteries of CIRCLE OF WILLIS
Internal carotid
Vertebral
Basilar
Arteries where occulomotor nerve passes at the base of the brain
Posterior cerebral- posterior communicating arteries
Saccular dilatations of walls arteries
Worst headache
Berry aneurysm
Most common loc of berry aneurysm
Anterior part of circle of willis (ant communicating, posterior communicating or MCA)
Dangerous area/triangle of the face
Root of nose and twi angles of mouth
Dermal origin of fascial msc
Mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arche
Nerve supply of muscles of facial expression
Facial nerve
Trumpeters musc
Blowing/sucking msc
Buccinator
Smiling musc
Zygomaticus
Grinning musc
Risorius
Chin msc
Mentalis
Kissing msc
Orbicularis oris
Bloof supply of face
External carotid
Venous drainage of face
Facial vein and retromandibular vein
From infections of orbit, nasal sinus, superior part of face
Dangerous triangle
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Structures affected in cavernous sinus thrombosis
CN III IV VI, V1 V2
Internal carotid artery
Great cerebral vein of Galen directly drains to
Straight sinus
Type intracranial hemorrhage: Middle meningeal artery Presses motor area in precentral gyrus Convex Lenticular
Epidural
Type intracranial hemorrhage: Tearing of superior cerebral veins or bridging veins Trauma Concave Crescent
Subdural
Type intracranial hemorrhage:
Ruptured congenital aneurysm
Blood stained csf
Hyperattenuation of circle of willis
Subarachnoid
Type intracranial hemorrhage: Lenticulostriate artery of middle cerebral Hemiplegia of opposite side Within brain parenchyma Hyperattenuation of brain parenchyma
Cerebral
Msc that opens jaw
Lateral pterygoid
Msc closes jaw
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Motor innervation of msc of mastication
Trigeminal nerve
Terminal branches of facial nerve
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Efferent limb of corneal blink reflex
Facial nerve
Afferent limb of corneal blink reflex
Nasocilliary nerve of V1
Innervation of msc of phonation
Cn X
Vagus
Innervation of msc of deglutition
cn IX
glossopharyngeal
Composition of nasal septum
Ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage
Sinuses present at birth
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Opening at superior meatus
Posterior ethmoidal sinus
Opening at middle meatus
Anterior ethmoid sinus
Middle ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Opening at inferior meatus
Nasolacrimal duct
Composition of Kiesselbach plexus:
Sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, superior labial
Kind of muscle of the tongue 👅
Striated muscle
Divides tongue into right and left
Median groove/ median sulcus
Attachment of tongue superiorly
Styloid process and soft palate
Attachment of tongue 👅 below
Mandible and hyoid bone
Intrinsic msc of the tongue innervation
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic msc of the tongue
Palatoglossus
Styloglossys
Hypoglossus
Genioglossus
Innervation of tongue ext msc EXCEPT palatoglossus
Cn XII
Innervation of palatoglossus
CN 10
Epiglottis receives innervation for both general and taste sensory from
Internal laryngeal of VAGUS nerve
Blood supply kf tongue
Lingual artery from external carotid
Venous drainage of tongue
Lingual vein from internal jugular vein
Internal strabismus results from injury to what nerve
CN VI
Optic pathway
Monocular vision loss
Optic nerve
Optic pathway
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Optic chiasm
Optic pathway
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Optic tract
Optic pathway
Contralateral superior quadrantanopsia
Inferior optic radiation
Temporal pathway
Mayers loop
Optic pathway
Contralateral inferior quadrantanopsia
Superior optic radiation
Another name of pituitary gland
Hypophysis cerebri
Location of pituitary gland
Sella turcica (part of sphenoid bone)
Parts adenohypophysis (anterior pit)
Para distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Parts of neurohypophysis (posterior)
Pars nervosa
Infundibulum
Blood supply of anterior pituitary
Superior hypophyseal artery from internal carotid artery
Blood supply of posterior pituitary and infundibulum
Superior hypophyseal artery
Infundibular artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery
Origin of anterior pituitary
Rathke pouch
Hypophyseal pouch
Origin of posterior pituitary
Neurohypophysial bud
Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary
ADH
OXYTOCIN
Another name of pineal gland
Epiphysis cerebri
Hormone produced by pineal gland
Melatonin
Calcified secretions of pineal gland
Corpora arenacea
Brain sands
Innervation of auricle
CN V VII X
Innervation of external auditory meatus
CN V VII IX X
Innervation of external surface of TM
CN V VII IX X
Nerve supply of internal surface of TM
CN IX
Seen At thr anteroinferior quadrant of TM
Cone of light
CN that runs at thr tympanic cavity
Chorda tympani branch of CN VII
Auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Membrane that separates scala media and scala tympani
Basilar membrane
ChAnnels of the cochlea from superior to inferior
Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani
Separates scala vestibuli and media
Vestibular membrane or
Reissner membrane
Fluid in scala media and tympani
Perilymph
Fluid in scala media
Endolymph
Sensory organ for linear acceleration
Maculae utricle and saccule
Organ for angular acceleration
Ampullae of semicircular duct
Normal anatomical position of the human body
Body erect, head anterior and forearm on the side supinated, lower limbs close together with parallel feet
