CNS Flashcards
NMS vs Serotonin syndrome
NMS:
- DA antag - antipsychotics
- 1-3d
- Rigidity (lead-pipe) + HYPOreflexia
- Tx: Dantrolene
Serotonin syndrome:
- serotonergic agents
- <1d
- clonus + HYPERreflexia
Overlapping features:
- altered mental status
- inc symp act - hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tachycardia
Red neuron w condensed nucleus + loss of nissl bodies seen in
Acute neuronal injury d/t ischemia; less commonly hypoglycemia
Pyknosis
Basophillic Nissl disappear - inc eosinophilic cytoplasm : Red Neurons
Mx neuron in nerve transection
Axonal reaction
- enlarged cell body + nucleolus
- displaced nucleus
- missal dispersed to periphery
Types of nerve injury + response
- Ischemia : Acute Neuronal injury
- Transection : Axonal reaction/ regeneration
- Progressive degenerative disease : Chronic neuronal injury : REACTIVE GLIOSIS
Enlarged neuronal cells w foamy app seen in
Tay-Sachs, Neimann-Pick
Neuronal degen d/t free radical damage ; foamy d/t undigested macromolecules
MCC liquefactive necrosis in brain
Lacunar infarcts causing lipohyalinosis + microatheroma
B12 def
Subacute combined degen - DCML + LCST involved
Blood bw skull and dura seen in
Epidural hematoma (lemon)
Blood bw dura and arachnoid seen in
Subdural hemorrhage (banana)
Blood bw arachnoid and pia seen in
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Blood bw galea aponeurotica and periosteum seen in
Subgaleal hemorrhage
- d/t vacuum ass. delivery
- emissary veins
Blood bw skull and periosteum seen in
Cephalohematoma
Romberg+ve + unreactive pupils seen in?
3° Syphilis/ Tabes dorsalis
- Demyelination of DCML + dorsal roots
Defective snRNP assembly seen w?
Spinal muscular atrophy
- SMN1 gene
- destruction of ant horns
- CF: Floppy baby, Flaccid paralysis, Fasciculations
Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-myoclonus Ataxia syndrome seen in?
“Denying eyes, dancing feet”
- Neuroblastoma
- Sm cell lung ca
Abx against purkinje cell Ag seen w?
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degen
- Sm cell lung ca (anti-Hu)
- GYN + breast ca (anti-Yo)
- Hodgkin lymphoma (anti-Tr)
Ab against Hu Ag in neurons seen in?
Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis / cerebellar degen
Sm cell lung ca
Ab against presynaptic Ca ch seen in?
Lambert-Eaton
Small cell lung ca
Abx against postsynaptic ACh receptors seen in?
Myasthenia Gravis
Thymoma
Sudden involuntary movements w Hx DM + HTN. Dx?
Lacunar infarct of STN
C/L hemiballismus
- STN normally excites GPi which then inhibits thalamus
Sudden involuntary movements w Hx DM + HTN. Dx?
Lacunar infarct of STN
C/L hemiballismus
- STN normally excites GPi which then inhibits thalamus
Eyes look towards side of lesion in:
Eyes look away from side of lesion in?
Eyes look towards side of lesion in: Frontal eye field defect, MCA stroke
Eyes look away from side of lesion in: PPRF lesion
Gaze palsy:
Horizontal gaze palsy:
Vertical gaze palsy:
Horizontal gaze palsy: INO, MS
Vertical gaze palsy: Dorsal midbrain lesion/ Parinaud syndrome
Fall towards side of lesion seen in?
Cerebellar hemisphere lesion
- laterally located, affect lateral limbs
- i/l intension tremor + limb ataxia + loss of balance
