CMS and Micro

Question 1

name 3 stages in clot formation

Answer 1

vasoconstriction
platelet plug formation
fibrin clot

Question 2

How do the following drugs affect clot formation:

aspirin
warfarin
heparin

Answer 2

aspirin: decreases platelet aggregation. cox 1&2 inhibitor
warfarin: vit K antagonist. prevents formation of clotting factors 2,7,9,10
heparin: reduces platelet function

Question 3

Why are aspirin and clopidogrel used in conjunction

Answer 3

synergistic effect on platelet aggregation

Question 4

What is a biofilm

Answer 4

a thin but robust mucilage layer adhering to a solid surface containing a community of bacteria and microorganisms embedded in a glycocalyx matrix

Question 5

stages of development of biofilm?

Answer 5

ACACD

adhesion
colonisation
accumulation
complex community
disperal

Question 6

4 ways to collect microorganisms for testing

Answer 6

swab rinse smear aspirate biopsy

Question 7

virulence factors for p. gingivalis

Answer 7

PATE

Proteases - gingipains and MMPS
Adhesions - fimbrae
Tissue toxic metabolic by-products
Endotoxins

Question 8

virulence factors for c. albicans

Answer 8

GAMES

Germ tube formation
Adhesions
Metabolic acids
Extracellular enzymes
Switching phenotype mechanism

Question 9

virulence factors for s. mutans

Answer 9

ASAP

Adhesions
Sugar modifier enzymes
Acid tolerance and adaptation
Polysacharide binding protein

Question 10

difference in seal needed when consuming liquids and solids

Answer 10

liquids need true posterior seal - pillars of fauces

whereas solids are ingested w/oral cavity continuous w/pharynx

Question 11

describe all stages of food transport

Answer 11

ingestion
- food into mouth from external environent. anterior oral seal from lips

stage 1 transport
- tongue tip moves food onto occlusal surface of posterior teeth.

mechanical processing
- solid food broken down + mixed with saliva before squashing against palate and tongue. premolars and molars used to chew

stage 2 transport
- bolus moved to posterior via squeeze back. solid food moves through fauces to pharyngeal surfaces of tongue. liquids held at pillar of fauces

swallowing
- involuntary movements push bolus through pharynx to oesphagus.
upper oesphagial sphincter UOS opens and epiglottis closes to prevent back flow. peristalsis then moves bolus to stomach

Question 12

What are the stages of tooth development?

Answer 12

initiation
morphogenesis
cyto-differentiation
matrix secretion
root formation

Question 13

What forms the root?

how can this affect later dentition?

Answer 13

hertwig’s epithelial sheath

breaks down into epithelial rests of Malassez- which never fully disappear+ these are..
progenitor for cyst formation - > odontogenic cysts e.g radicular cysts.

Question 14

Name 4 parts of the late bell stage

Answer 14

internal enamel epithelium
external enamel epithelium
stellate reticulum
stratum intermedium