CMC 2 Midterm

Question 1

For a strength exam used in a clinical setting, what is the range of values on the measurement scale?

Answer 1

0-5

Question 2

During a strength exam, an effort resulting in no movement, but contraction of a muscle would receive what value on the measurement scale?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

During a strength exam, an effort resulting in active movement of muscle with gravity removed would receive what value on the measurement scale?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

During a strength exam, an effort resulting in active movement of a muscle against gravity, but not against physical resistance would receive what value on the measurement scale?

Answer 4

3

Question 5

During a strength exam, an effort resulting in weak movement of muscle against physical resistance would receive what value on the measurement scale?

Answer 5

4

Question 6

What is the range of values on the scale used to measure reflexes?

Answer 6

0-4+

Question 7

What value on the scale used to measure reflexes is assigned to a normal reflex?

Answer 7

2+

Question 8

A hyporeflexic reflex (which may or may not be normal) is assigned what value on the scale used to measure reflexes?

Answer 8

1+

Question 9

A very brisk reflex (which may or may not be normal) is assigned what value on the scale used to measure reflexes?

Answer 9

3+

Question 10

A 4+ reflex on the scale is determined by what two characterstics?

Answer 10

hyperreflexic, also with clonus

Question 11

What are three ROS questions that can be asked about peripheral nervous function?

Answer 11

numbness or tingling
dizziness
headache

Question 12

What is the normal response in a Babinski test?

Answer 12

downgoing toes (plantar flexion)

Question 13

T/F: Babinski test results can be described as negative

Answer 13

F: Either absent/present or downgoing/upgoing (upgoing is synonymous with positive)

Question 14

A “positive” Babinski test may indicate what?

Answer 14

upper motor neuron disease (potential CNS involvement)

Alcohol intoxication

Post-ictal phase after seizure

Question 15

In what situations may the Babinski test be acceptably abnormal?

Answer 15

In children under 12 months of age

Question 16

What is indicated by a positive pronater drift test result?

Answer 16

CNS/upper motor neuron disease; more directly it indicates weaker muscles of supination than those of pronation

Question 17

What is indicated by a positive Romberg test result?

Answer 17

Impaired proprioception from dorsal column disease (vision will normally compensate)

Question 18

Define paresis:

Answer 18

Impaired strenth or weakness

Question 19

Define paralysis or plegia:

Answer 19

absent strength

Question 20

Define neuropathy:

Answer 20

dysfunction of a nerve

Question 21

Define radiculopathy:

Answer 21

dysfunction of a spinal nerve root (often due to compression)

Question 22

Define dermatome:

Answer 22

an area of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve

Question 23

Define hyperesthesia:

Answer 23

abnormally increased sensitivity to a stimuli of a sense (usually touch)

Question 24

Define hypoethesia:

Answer 24

abnormally diminshed sensitivity to stimuli (usually touch)

Question 25

Define allodynia:

Answer 25

pain due to a stimulus that normally does not provoke pain

Question 26

Define proprioception:

Answer 26

awareness of the position and movement of the body in space

Question 27

What are five potential causes of hyperreflexia?

Answer 27

TBI
spinal cord lesion
stroke
ALS
MS

Question 28

What are three potential causes of hyporreflexia?

Answer 28

Electrolyte imbalance (also hyperreflexia)
Myopathy
Peripheral neuropathy (GBS, othes)

Question 29

What are the six links of the chain of infection?

Answer 29

Question 30

What are the four forms of transmission?

Answer 30

direct contract
indirect contact
droplet
airborne

Question 31

What is the standard precautions take home message?

Answer 31

If it’s wet and not yours, don’t touch it without PPE

Question 32

What are two notable precautions taken for airborne transmission diseases?

Answer 32

N95 respirator (requires fit testing)
PAPR

Question 33

Which three bloodborne pathogens are especially important to avoid for healthcare workers?

Answer 33

Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV

Question 34

What figure represents the proportion of patients who have a HAI during a hospital visit?

Answer 34

1/31

Question 35

What are the five most common HAIs?

Answer 35

-Surgical site infection (SSI)
-Central line associated BSI
-Ventilator associated pneumonia
-C. diff infection
-Catheter associated UTI

Question 36

Define enthesis:

Answer 36

the insertion points of tendon or ligament to bone

Question 37

Define enthesitis:

Answer 37

inflammation of the insertion site of ligament/tendon to bone

Question 38

Define arthritis:

Answer 38

articular swelling or effusion OR 2+ of the following
-limitited ROM
-joint tenderness on palpation
-pain on joint movement
-increased warmth over joint

Question 39

Define arthralgia:

Answer 39

joint pain

Question 40

Define myalgia:

Answer 40

muscle pain

Question 41

Define synovitis:

Answer 41

inflammation of the synovial membrane

Question 42

Define joint effusion:

Answer 42

increased synovial flud in the synovial cavity of a joint

Question 43

Define bursitis:

Answer 43

inflammation of the bursa (sacks lined with synovial membrane)

Question 44

Define crepitus:

Answer 44

A grating/grinding/cracking sound of sensation from two rough surfaces rubbing together

Question 45

What are the two major distinctions between hand/finger presentation for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Answer 45

RA: Autoimmune destruction of synovial membranes and tendon disruption leads to abnormal flexion/extension of joints (i.e. boutonniere defornity of thumb, swan-neck deformity of fingers)
OA: swelling/joint enlargement due to osteophyte formation but no abnormal positiong of joints

Question 46

Define anisotrpy with respect to ultrasound?

Answer 46

the phenomenon responsible for specific items (typically nerves or tendons) appearing hypoechoic due to the angle of the ultrasound probe

Question 47

How can tendons and nerves be differentiated on ultrasound?

Answer 47

Tendons will change shape during muscle flexion/extension under US, while nerves will not