cloning and biotechnology

Question 1

bioremediation

Answer 1

when micro organisms are used to break down pollutants and contaminants in the soil or in water

Question 2

bioremediation

using natural organisms

Answer 2

naturally break down organic material material to produce carbon dioxide and water
most pollutants in soil and water are often biological
if micro organisms are supported they will break the pollutants down

Question 3

bioremediation

GM organisms

Answer 3

scientists trying to develop them so they can break down contaminants they would not naturally encounter

Question 4

natural plant cloning

bulb

Answer 4

leaf bases swell from photosynthesis and buds form which develop into new shoots

Question 5

natural plant cloning

runners

Answer 5

lateral stem that grows away from parent plant and roots develop wherever the runner touches the ground

Question 6

natural plant cloning

rhizomes

Answer 6

specialised horizontal stem running underground often swollen with food stores and buds develop and form new vertical shoots

Question 7

natural plant cloning

stem tubers

Answer 7

tip of underground stem becomes swollen with food storage and form a tuber which develops a bud which develops into new plants

Question 8

uses of natural cloning in plants

Answer 8

used in horticulture, a way to produce new plants cheaply,

Question 9

cuttings

Answer 9

take a short section of stem and plant it in soil add root hormone to the base

Question 10

advantages of cuttings over seeds

Answer 10

much faster

garuntees the quality of the plant

Question 11

factors that increase success rate of most cuttings

Answer 11

use a non flowering stem 
make an oblique cut in the stem 
use hormone rooting powder 
reduce leaves to two or four 
keep cutting well watered 
cover the cutting in plastic bag

Question 12

micropropagation

Answer 12

process of making large numbers of genetically identical offspring from a single parent plant using tissue culture techniques

Question 13

basic principles of micropropagation

Answer 13

take small tissue sample from plant, dissect out meristem
sterilise the sample
explant placed in sterile culture medium containing plant hormones
callus divided into individual cells which are transferred to a new culture medium
plantlets potted into compost

Question 14

arguments for micropropagation

Answer 14

allows rapid production of a large amount of genetically identical plants
produces disease free plants
produces seedless plants which are sterile
provides a way of producing plants that are naturally hard to grow

Question 15

arguments against micropropagation

Answer 15

produces monoculture
relatively expensive
vulnerable to infection by mould during production

Question 16

natural cloning in invertebrates

Answer 16

starfish can regenerate entire animals from fragments of the original if damaged
flatworms fragment and produce clones
some female insects can produce clones without male

Question 17

natural cloning in vertebrates

Answer 17

monozygotic twins
early embryo splits
when born may look different as a result of differences in their position and nutrition in the uterus

Question 18

artificial cloning in animals

artificial twinning

Answer 18

cow with desirable characteristics treated with hormones and her ova are inseminated with the sperm from a bull with good traits
embryo split producing several smaller embryos
grown in lab then implanted into surrogate
develop into foetuses and born normally

Question 19

artificial coning in animals

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 19

nucleus removed from somatic cell of adult animal
nucleus removed from mature ovum
nucleus placed into enucleated egg
mild electric shock
embryo develops and transferred into uterus of third animal