biological molecules

Question 1

what reaction binds monomers

Answer 1

condensation

Question 2

what chemical is produced by a condensation reaction

Answer 2

water

Question 3

what is the opposite of a condensation reaction

Answer 3

hydrolysis reaction

Question 4

how are bonds broken in a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 4

water is added

Question 5

what are carbohydrates

Answer 5

molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 6

what are the three types of saccharides

Answer 6

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 7

what bonds hold carbohydrate molecules together

Answer 7

glycosidic

Question 8

what is an example of a monosaccharide

Answer 8

glucose

Question 9

how is maltose formed

Answer 9

condensation of two glucose molecules

Question 10

how is sucrose formed

Answer 10

condensation of glucose and fructose

Question 11

how is glycogen and starch formed

Answer 11

the condensation of alpha glucose

Question 12

how is cellulose formed

Answer 12

condensation of beta glucose

Question 13

what glycosidic bonds does glycogen have

Answer 13

1-4 and 1-6 alpha

Question 14

explain the structure of glycogen

Answer 14

large number of side branches

large but compact

Question 15

what two polysaccharides is starch a mixture of

Answer 15

amylose

amylopectin

Question 16

describe the structure of amylose

Answer 16

unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
coiled
very compact so can store alot of energy

Question 17

describe the structure of amylopectin

Answer 17

branched made up of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
rapidly digested by enzymes
quick release of energy

Question 18

what are the two types of lipids

Answer 18

saturated and unsaturated

Question 19

which contain carbon -carbon double bonds; saturated or unsaturated lipids

Answer 19

unsaturated

Question 20

what are triglycerides

Answer 20

lipids made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 21

what bonds are involved with lipids

Answer 21

ester

Question 22

what are triglycerides used as

Answer 22

energy reserves in plant and animal cells

Question 23

what are phospholipids

Answer 23

lipids made of one glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate

Question 24

explain the structure of phospholipids

Answer 24

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

Question 25

what monomers make proteins

Answer 25

amino acids

Question 26

describe the structure of amino acids

Answer 26

``` amino group (NH2) carboxylic group and a variable R group ```

Question 27

what bonds are amino acids joined by

Answer 27

peptide

Question 28

what is the primary structure of a protein

Answer 28

the sequence of amino acids

Question 29

what is the secondary structure of a protein

Answer 29

interaction between amino acids. the shape that the amino acids takes which is determined by hydrogen bonds

Question 30

what two shapes can the secondary structure of a protein take

Answer 30

alpha helix | beta pleated sheet

Question 31

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

Answer 31

the 3D shape of the protein. it can be globular or fibrous.

Question 32

what interactions occur between R groups in the tertiary structure

Answer 32

hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions hydrogen bonds ionic bonds disulfide bonds

Question 33

what are globular proteins

Answer 33

compact, water soluble and spherical in shape formed when hydrophobic R groups are kept away from the aqueous environment and hydrophilic R groups are on the outside of the protein

Question 34

what are conjugated proteins

Answer 34

globular proteins that contain a non protein component known as a prosthetic group

Question 35

what are fibrous proteins

Answer 35

formed from long insoluble molecules. due to high proportion of hydrophobic R groups in the primary structure. amino acid sequence is usually quite repetitive. not folded into 3D shapes

Question 36

what are the components of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 36

deoxyribose a phosphate group one of the organic bases

Question 37

what are the DNA organic bases

Answer 37

adenine cytosine guanine thymine

Question 38

what bases are pyrimadines

Answer 38

cytosine | thymine

Question 39

what bases are purines

Answer 39

adenine | guanine

Question 40

what are the components of an RNA nucleotide

Answer 40

ribose a phosphate group one of the organic bases

Question 41

what are the RNA organic bases

Answer 41

adenine cytosine guanine uracil

Question 42

describe the structure of a DNA molecule

Answer 42

double helix two polypeptides joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases the two polypeptides lie antiparallel phoshate sugar backbone

Question 43

explain DNA replication

Answer 43

double helix unwinds and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break using DNA helicase. both strands are used as templates and complementary base pairing occurs between the template strands and free nucleotides adjacent nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds using DNA polymerase

Question 44

explain transcription

Answer 44

in the nucleus hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the DNA uncoils one strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase to make a mRNA molecule. this strand is used as the anti sense strand free nucleotides line up by complementary base pairing and adjacent nucleotides join by phosphodiester bonds by RNA polymrase. mRNA then moves out of the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome

Question 45

explain translation

Answer 45

mRNA attaches to a ribosome and tRNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosome. tRNA attaches to mRNA by complementary base pairing the amino acids joined to two tRNA molecules join by a peptide bond and the tRNA detach. process repeated until a stop codon is reached