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A level Biology > biological molecules > Flashcards

biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what reaction binds monomers

A

condensation

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2
Q

what chemical is produced by a condensation reaction

A

water

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3
Q

what is the opposite of a condensation reaction

A

hydrolysis reaction

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4
Q

how are bonds broken in a hydrolysis reaction

A

water is added

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5
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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6
Q

what are the three types of saccharides

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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7
Q

what bonds hold carbohydrate molecules together

A

glycosidic

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8
Q

what is an example of a monosaccharide

A

glucose

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9
Q

how is maltose formed

A

condensation of two glucose molecules

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10
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

condensation of glucose and fructose

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11
Q

how is glycogen and starch formed

A

the condensation of alpha glucose

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12
Q

how is cellulose formed

A

condensation of beta glucose

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13
Q

what glycosidic bonds does glycogen have

A

1-4 and 1-6 alpha

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14
Q

explain the structure of glycogen

A

large number of side branches

large but compact

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15
Q

what two polysaccharides is starch a mixture of

A

amylose

amylopectin

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16
Q

describe the structure of amylose

A

unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
coiled
very compact so can store alot of energy

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17
Q

describe the structure of amylopectin

A

branched made up of glucose molecules joined by 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
rapidly digested by enzymes
quick release of energy

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18
Q

what are the two types of lipids

A

saturated and unsaturated

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19
Q

which contain carbon -carbon double bonds; saturated or unsaturated lipids

A

unsaturated

20
Q

what are triglycerides

A

lipids made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

21
Q

what bonds are involved with lipids

A

ester

22
Q

what are triglycerides used as

A

energy reserves in plant and animal cells

23
Q

what are phospholipids

A

lipids made of one glycerol, two fatty acids and one phosphate

24
Q

explain the structure of phospholipids

A

hydrophilic head

hydrophobic tail

25
Q

what monomers make proteins

A

amino acids

26
Q

describe the structure of amino acids

A 
amino  group (NH2) 
carboxylic group 
and a variable R group
27
Q

what bonds are amino acids joined by

A

peptide

28
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids

29
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein

A

interaction between amino acids. the shape that the amino acids takes which is determined by hydrogen bonds

30
Q

what two shapes can the secondary structure of a protein take

A

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

31
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

the 3D shape of the protein. it can be globular or fibrous.

32
Q

what interactions occur between R groups in the tertiary structure

A

hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
disulfide bonds

33
Q

what are globular proteins

A

compact, water soluble and spherical in shape
formed when hydrophobic R groups are kept away from the aqueous environment and hydrophilic R groups are on the outside of the protein

34
Q

what are conjugated proteins

A

globular proteins that contain a non protein component known as a prosthetic group

35
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

formed from long insoluble molecules.
due to high proportion of hydrophobic R groups in the primary structure.
amino acid sequence is usually quite repetitive.
not folded into 3D shapes

36
Q

what are the components of a DNA nucleotide

A

deoxyribose
a phosphate group
one of the organic bases

37
Q

what are the DNA organic bases

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine

38
Q

what bases are pyrimadines

A

cytosine

thymine

39
Q

what bases are purines

A

adenine

guanine

40
Q

what are the components of an RNA nucleotide

A

ribose
a phosphate group
one of the organic bases

41
Q

what are the RNA organic bases

A

adenine
cytosine
guanine
uracil

42
Q

describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

double helix
two polypeptides joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
the two polypeptides lie antiparallel
phoshate sugar backbone

43
Q

explain DNA replication

A

double helix unwinds and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break using DNA helicase.
both strands are used as templates and complementary base pairing occurs between the template strands and free nucleotides
adjacent nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds using DNA polymerase

44
Q

explain transcription

A

in the nucleus
hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the DNA uncoils
one strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase to make a mRNA molecule. this strand is used as the anti sense strand
free nucleotides line up by complementary base pairing and adjacent nucleotides join by phosphodiester bonds by RNA polymrase.
mRNA then moves out of the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome

45
Q

explain translation

A

mRNA attaches to a ribosome and tRNA collects amino acids from the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosome.
tRNA attaches to mRNA by complementary base pairing
the amino acids joined to two tRNA molecules join by a peptide bond and the tRNA detach.
process repeated until a stop codon is reached

A level Biology (10 decks)

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