CLOA Studies Flashcards
1
Q
Bartlett
A
- told participants (all British) a Native American legend (The War of the Ghosts).
- participants were later asked to recall this story using either repeated reproduction or serial reproduction
- findings showed that the story was distorted in the following patterns:
- assimilation
- leveling
- sharpening
- memory is based on existing schemas
- no standardized instructions, no difference between the two recollection groups, quasi-experiment
2
Q
Brown & Kulik
A
[flashbulb memories]
- 40 black and 40 white Americans filled out a questionnaire asking about the deaths of public figures (like Kennedy and MLK) and the deaths of loved ones
- most participants had detailed memories of these events, but 75% of black participants had flashbulbs of MLK’s death compared to 33% white
- subject to the social desirability effect, replicable (increases reliability), level of emotion can’t be quantified, can’t determine the role of rehearsal in the creation of the memory, difficult to generalize
3
Q
Loftus & Palmer
A
- the 45 participants were split into 5 groups and each watched a video of a traffic accident. they were then asked to give a short account of the video before taking a questionnaire.
- “how fast were the cars going when they _____ each other?” the verb was changed, and this affected the speed people guessed and how gruesome the accident they recalled was
- people’s memory can be changed with the context
- confounding variables were controlled, not generalizable (experiment performed on students only), participants were aware they were in an experiment
4
Q
Neisser & Harsch
A
- less than 24 hours after the challenger disaster, 106 memory students were given a questionnaire asking them to answer questions about their experience watching the disaster. they completed the same questionnaire 2.5 years later. then, participants were interviewed.
- most participants had a large number of discrepancies between their stories, but most participants said they were confident in their stories
- several studies show similar results (flashbulb memories with 9/11, replicable), no control over participants between questionnaires (more confounding variables)
5
Q
Speisman et al
A
- 56 psych undergrad students were shown a video of a circumcision with different music playing (trauma, intellectualization, denial). while watching, their heart rate and skin responses were measured, and after, they took a questionnaire about their stress levels.
- findings: the trauma condition showed the highest levels of physiological stress and the questionnaire responses were the strongest in both the control and the trauma groups
- supports Le Doux’s two-factor theory, is highly controlled, and questionnaire responses were compared blindly to eliminate researcher bias, but there was possible emotional distress
6
Q
Darley & Gross
A
- participants watched Hannah (a girl) take a test and were told she was either rich or poor.
- participants in the wealthy condition rated Hannah’s performance above fourth grade, whereas the poor condition group rated her performance below fourth grade, in spite of watching the same video
- these findings demonstrate that stereotypes about socioeconomic status affect perceptions of intelligence.
7
Q
Milner (H.M.)
A
- case study of H. M., who got in a car accident and suffered seizures
- Milner removed his temporal lobe and part of the hippocampus, causing H. M. to have amnesia
- couldn’t make any new episodic memories, but had his old memories and the ability to create procedural memories
8
Q
Glanzer & Cunitz
A
- participants were given a list of items and told to recall them immediately after hearing the whole list
- results showed that the primacy effect and recency effect held true
- words at the beginning and at the end were best remembered
- supports the theory of multiple memory stores (STM, LTM), not a true experiment because, while it was highly controlled, there is no allocation of participants to different conditions
9
Q
Meany et al
A
- rats were taken away from their mothers and either handled as their mother would handle them or stuck in isolation
- the isolation rats had increased stress hormones
- after this process, the rats were killed and their hippocampal mass was measured
- higher concentration of glucocorticoids caused hippocampal cell death and worse memory
10
Q
Cole & Schribner
A
- tested children from the U.S and Liberia
- gave them lists of words to remember (that matched their respective cultures) and asked them to recall as many as possible
- words were then given in story form
- U.S. children did better on the list, but Liberian children did better on the story
- shows culture has an effect on memory
- overall reliable, as many statistical tests were performed, however, since the IV is culture (not technically manipulated and hard to operationalize) the results aren’t ironclad.
11
Q
LeDoux
A
- rats were conditioned to feel fear when they heard the sound of the bell
- LeDoux then lesioned parts of their brain until he found the part that held the information for the conditioning (auditory thalamus)
- conclusions: biological connection to emotion, strict localization
12
Q
declarative memory
A
memory of facts and events, refers to memories that can be consciously recalled
13
Q
episodic memory
A
memory if specific events that occurred at a given time and place
14
Q
procedural memory
A
unconscious memory of skills
15
Q
semantic memory
A
general knowledge of facts and people not linked to a time and place
16
Q
transactive memory
A
groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge (generationally passed on, Jung’s theory)
17
Q
anchoring bias
A
an individual relies too heavily on a given piece of information; using the given as a reference point
18
Q
availability heuristic
A
mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when making a decision
