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IBSL Psych Strickland 2020-2021 > BLOA Studies > Flashcards

BLOA Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Nervous system on the spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Nervous system as found anywhere else in the body

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3
Q

Somatic NS

A

You think about these things, they are not automatic (e.g. moving your leg to walk, your fingers to type, etc.)

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4
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Automatically done (maintaining homeostasis, breathing at night)

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5
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Used during a high emotional intensity situation

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6
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Used after an emotionally intense situation to calm you down

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7
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Bottom left of the frontal lobe before the cortical homunculus, involved in speech production

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8
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Strip at the very end of the frontal lobe to which motor controls are dedicated. Each part of the motor strip controls one part of your body and it is not proportioned to how your body is proportioned.

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9
Q

cortical homunculus

A

IB’s name for the Motor Cortex AND the Somatosensory Cortex as a whole

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10
Q

Somatosensory Cortex (Sensory Strip)

A

Processes pain, touch, temp, itchiness, etc.

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11
Q

Visual Cortex

A

Processes visual stimulants, located at the very back of the brain on the occipital lobe

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12
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Processes auditory stimulation

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13
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

left temporal lobe, involved in language development

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14
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects your two hemispheres

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory/motor signals

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the endocrine system and connects with the pituitary gland

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17
Q

Amygdala

A

Important role in memory/fight or flight

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18
Q

Hippocampus

A

New memories, learning, emotions

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19
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

master gland for hormones

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20
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movements

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21
Q

Brain Stem

A

Regulation of involuntary things like heart rate and breathing during sleep

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22
Q

Spinal Cord

A

sends messages through the body

23
Q

Penfield

A

Discovered the cortical homunculus through stimulation of the strip itself

24
Q

Localization

A

behaviors are controlled by specific brain hemispheres or specific areas of the brain

25
Q

Strict localization

A

Behaviors are strictly on one side of the brain or the other or controlled by one area

26
Q

Relative localization

A

Some behaviors are one one side or the other, but others are interspersed. Some behaviors are controlled predominantly by one side or part but have small areas on the other side that also play a role.

27
Q

Lateralization

A

division of functions between the hemispheres of the brain

28
Q

Sperry

A

separated the hemispheres in the brains of severely epileptic patients to reduce the number of seizures they experienced

29
Q

Are emotions localized?

A

No

30
Q

Lashley

A

Trained rats to run through a maze and induced brain damage to find which part of the brain learned the maze pattern. He found that the rats’ abilities were merely hindered suggesting that the memory/learning of the maze was in multiple areas of the brain. Evidence against localization.

31
Q

Why is it hard to find evidence against localization?

A

Hard to nail down “absence” of localization because if the controlling area is not in one place you have to find multiple other places.

32
Q

Maguire (1999)

A

MRI scans were taken of participants who drove taxis and were compared against scans of those who did not drive taxis, showing that taxi drivers had a larger hippocampus. this varied directly with the time spent as a taxi driver.

33
Q

Martinez & Kesner

A

One group of rats was given acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, while another group was given physostigmine (acetylcholine’s opposite). Memory of a maze was significantly better in the acetylcholine rats, leading researchers to believe this neurotransmitter is connected to the hippocampus (coupled with the information that the hippocampus has many receptors for this neuron and Alzheimer’s patients have lower levels of acetylcholine).

34
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

neurons that aren’t used are lost

35
Q

Rosenzweig et al (1972)

A

studied neuroplasticity by changing the environment of rats and measuring their brains. they placed rats in an enriched or impoverished environment (there was also a control); the environment changed the way the brains of the rats looked, with the EC (enriched condition) rats having a more developed brain that weighed more and had more neural activity (more transmission of acetylcholine, which is for memory).

36
Q

Wedekind (1995)

A

Aimed to test whether scent conveyed information to women. Males wore t-shirts for two days to make them sweaty, and women were asked to blindly rank these shirts by attractiveness. The women ranked people with more diverse MHC genes (more diverse MHC = better immune system) than them higher, showing that these genes were a factor. ~pheromones experiment~

37
Q

Zak (2009)

A

studied the effects of testosterone on aggression. male participants used a lotion containing either placebo or testosterone before playing a trust game that involved sharing money. males who received testosterone were 27% less generous with their money, showing that testosterone decreases trust and increases selfishness.

38
Q

Baumgartner et al (2008)

A

Tested the role of oxytocin in trust. participants played a monetarily rooted trust game that required them to take risks and trust another person or computer. participants who were given increased oxytocin were more trusting of human partners, but when they were asked to play against a computer their trust levels were the same as those who did not receive extra oxytocin.

39
Q

Bouchard et al (1990)

A

Aimed to test whether intelligence was genetic, did so by testing twins raised together and twins raised apart. The IQ didn’t have much difference in either set of twins, so the environment did play a role but not as much as genetics did. ~twin studies~

40
Q

Weissman et al (2005)

A

The study looked at three generations over a 20-year period to determine the level of inheritance of depression and anxiety disorders. The findings showed that depression in grandparents was a greater predictor of depression in grandchildren than depression in parents. ~pedigree studies~

41
Q

Monozygotic twins (MZ)

A

identical twins

42
Q

Dizygotic twins (DZ)

A

fraternal twins

43
Q

genotype

A

Set of traits coded in one’s dna

44
Q

phenotype

A

Visible effects of genes

45
Q

alleles

A

Forms of a gene (dominant, recessive)

46
Q

gene

A

Unit of heredity

47
Q

genetic heritability

A

measure of genetic influence on behavior

48
Q

cell nucleus (neuron)

A

on the largest part of the neuron, opposite end of the axon terminals

49
Q

cell body (neuron)

A

surrounds the nucleus

50
Q

dendrites (neuron)

A

short fingerlike strands coming off of the cell body

51
Q

axon (neuron)

A

connects the axon terminals to the cell body, transfers neurotransmitters through the neuron

52
Q

myelin sheath (neuron)

A

around the axon for protections

53
Q

axon terminals (neuron)

A

long fingerlike structures at the end of the neuron that eject neurotransmitters towards the dendrites of the next neuron

54
Q

Principals of BLOA

A
  1. biological correlates to human behavior
  2. animals may be studied in order to understand human behavior
  3. human behavior is, to some extent, genetically based

IBSL Psych Strickland 2020-2021 (10 decks)

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