clinical trial design Flashcards
why are clinical trials important
they provide evidence which influences medical practice
4 examples of drug treatments based on trial evidence
MI
stroke
cancers
rheumatoid arthritis
investigating potential drugs (5)
- does it work
- what dose is therapeutic
- what dose is toxic
- is it safe
- is it necessary
problems with observational studies (3)
correlation vs causation
false +ves
replication is difficult
why conduct robust clinical trials
what works in theory might not be best in practice
e.g. high [oxygen] in premature babies - found to be harmful
tonsillectomy-generally unnecessary
bypass surgery vs coronary artery stenting
Clinical trials are regulated by
MHRA
- tests efficacy and safety
stages in development (4)
drug discovery
preclinical development
clinical development (volunteer studies, phase i)
phase ii, phase iii, phase iv
pre clinical development (3)
• Animal pharmacology (dose, adverse effects)
• Animal toxicology (teratogenicity, fertility, mutagenicity)
- Tissue culture
clinical development: phase i
- Clinical pharmacology in normal volunteers generating pharmacokinetic, metabolic and pharmacodynamic data
- Usually involves around 100 subjects
- Certain drugs e.g. cytotoxics will bypass this phase
e.g. • TEGENERO DRUG: 8 paid volunteers
○ 6 given active drug IV, 2 given placebo
○ Regulated environment, according to protocol approved by MHRA
Developed multiple organ failure in an unpredicted biological action of the drug in humans
phase ii
• Clinical investigation to confirm kinetics and dynamics in patients (who may have liver/renal/GI absorption problems)
• Provides some evidence of efficacy and identifies a likely dosage range
Involves up to 500 patients
phase iii
• Formal therapeutic trials where efficacy will be established and evidence of safety obtained i.e. does it work for the condition we are testing
• Involves 1000 - 3000 patients
At completion, all data (pre-clinical, pharmaceutical and clinical data) is submitted as an application to the regulatory authority for a license to sell the drug
phase iv
• Post-marketing surveillance to produce evidence of long term safety
May involve tens or hundreds of thousands of patients world wide
clinical treials
pilot studies
double blind/single blind/retrospective/prospective
pilot studies
not to estimate outcome but to test study design
double blind
patient and doctor blinded