Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

principles of disease > chronic inflammation > Flashcards

chronic inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell population in chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the features of chronic inflammatino

A

tissue or organ damage, necrosis and loss of function (doesnt go back to how it was before)
can follow on from ongoing acute inflammation but also arises as 1y pathology
tends to be long term
leads to scarring and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define chronic inflammation

A

prolonged inflammatory response that involves a progressive change in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation. It is characterized by the simultaneous destruction and repair of the tissue from the inflammatory process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

clinical presentations of chronic inflamamtion

A
  • often no specific sore bit
  • non-specific symptoms
  • malaise and weight loss
  • loss of function as tissue is damaged by chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when does chronic inflammation occur

A
  • arising from acute inflammation: large volume of damage, inability to remove debris, fails to resolve
  • arising as a 1y lesion: only see chronic changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outcomes of acute inflammation (organisation)

A

granulation tissue
angiogenesis
healing and repair
fibrosis and formation of a scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

angiogenesis

A

new vessels form capillary buds from existing vessels, VEGF released by hypoxic cells which stimulates proliferation, enzyme secretion aids the process, enable blood supply to enter the damaged tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

angiogenesis and organisation in thrombosis

A

limits thrombus propagation

reinstatement of flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

angiogenesis in malignant tumours

A

angiogenesis occurs as tumour grows

anti VEGF drugs are being used to combat certain tumours as they prevent endothelial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

granulation tissue mechanism and function (result of acute inflammation)

A
  • capillaries grow into inflammatory mass
  • access of plasma proteins
  • macrophages from blood (monocytes) and tissue (histiocytes)
  • fibroblasts lay down collagen to replace damaged tissue
  • collagen replaces inflammatory exudate
  • patches tissue defects
  • replaces dead or necrotic tissue
  • contracts and pulls together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

acute and chronic interface

A

acute inflamamtion –> acute + chronic inflammation (exudate, neutrophils; lymphocytes plasma cells, fibroblasts, fibrosis) –> chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pyogenic granulation tissue

A

acute + chronic inflamamtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

products of granulation tissue

A

fibrous tissue - scar
fibrosis as a problem - adhesions between loops of bowel following peritonitis
can progress to chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

examples of scars

A

acne - chronic from acute
cholecystitis - gall bladder, walls become very thick and fibrous with lots of vasculatiry
peptic ulcer - stomach, ulcer in the gastric antrum
osteomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary chronic inflammation

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibrosis
  • material resistant to digestion
  • exogenous substances
  • endogenous substances
  • granulomatous inflammation common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primary chronic inflammation - AI disease

A

adaptive immunity
autoantibodies directed against own cell and tissue components
damage/destroy organs, tissues, cells, cell components
thyroiditis, rheumatoid disease, pernicious anaemia, systemic lupus erythromatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

primary chronic inflammation - material resistant to digestion

A

mycobacteria, brucella, viruses

cell wall resistant to enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

primary chronic inflammation - exogenous substances

A

sterile: sutures, metal and plastic, e.g. joint replacements, mineral crystals
dont provoke immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

primary chronic inflammation - endogenous substances

A

necrotic tissue, keratin, hair

cannot easily be phagocytosed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rheumatoid disease

A

swan neck deformity, swellling and dislocation of the joints

rheumatoid nodule - chronic inflammation at extensor surfaces, usually around the elbows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pathogenesis of chronic inflammation

A
  • cells and their roles (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts)
  • tissue components: granular tissue, collagen
22
Q

role of lymphocytes in chronic inflammation

A

B cells: differentiate to plasma cells (antibodies), facilitate immune response, act with macrophages (APC), immune memory
T cells: produce cytokines (attract, hold and activate macrophages; influence permability of nearby cells), T cells produce interferons (antiviral effects), damage and kill other cells and destroy antigen
NK cells: destroy antigens and cells

23
Q

role of plasma cells in chronic inflammation

A

antibody production

24
Q

role of macrophages in chronic inflammation

A

remove tissue debris, APC, monocyte (blood)/histiocyte (tissue); found in bone marrow, blood vessels and tissue
motile phagocytes move from blood, take over from neutrophils, contain lysozymes, produce interferons

25
Q

role of fibroblasts in chronic inflammation

A

motile cells, metabolically active, make and assemble structural proteins

26
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A
  • characterised by presence of granulomas in tissues and organs (generally occur due to indigestible antigens)
  • many serious infectious and idiopathic diseases
  • NOT THE SAME AS GRANULATION TISSUE
27
Q

what are granulomas

A

aggregates of epitheliod macrophages in tissue
ball of cells that may contain giant cells and may surround dead material, they can be surrounded by lymphocytes
contain neutrophils (most dont) and eosinophils

28
Q

most granulomas are type…

A

IV hypersensitivity reactions (cell mediated immunity)

29
Q

giant cells

A

granulomas compromise epitheliod histiocytes
possibly fusion of macrophages to form larger cells
giant cells can also occur in pyogenic granulation tissue

30
Q

langhans type giant cells

A

large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the cell periphery.
classically found in TB
large eosinophilic cytoplasm

31
Q

foreign body type giant cells

A 
often associated with pyogenic granulation tissue 
acutely inflamed
neutrophils, pus
organisation
giant cells
32
Q

silicone associated giant cells

A

ruptured silicone implants
usually but not always breast
vacuoles contain leaked silicone
leads to enlarged lymph node

33
Q

Warthin-Finkeldy type giant cells

A
  • classic in measles

central cluster of nu

34
Q

infectious granulomatous diseases - relevant to global health

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis
mycobacterium leprae
treponema pallidum

35
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis:

A

tuberculosis

caseous necrosis - dead tissue surrounded by macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes)

36
Q

mycobacterium leprae

A

leprosy

treated with mutlidrug therapy, granulomatous inflammation causes peripheral nerve damage

37
Q

treponema pallidum

A

(syphilis): sensitive to benzylpenicillin; primary chancre, syphilitic gumma, snail track ulcers

38
Q

non-infective granulomas - not uncommon in global medicine

A

rheumatoid disease
sarcoidosis
chron’s disease

39
Q

rheumatoid disease

A

tissue specific auto-immune disease, unknown cause

degenerative collagen becomes surrounded by macrophages in rheumatoid nodules

40
Q

sarcoidosis

A

disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas. The disease usually begins in the lungs, skin, or lymph nodes. unknown cause

41
Q

chron’s disease

A

chronic inflammatory bowel disease, unknown cause

42
Q

wound healing

A

process of repair after tissue damage
acute injury followed by phase of acute inflammation and granulation tissue formation (try to keep these to a minimum to reduce damage)
local angiogenesis
fibrosis and scar formation

43
Q

surgical healing

A

healing by primary intention
minimal gap and blood clot
small amount of granulation tissue
small linear scar

44
Q

healing of larger defects

A

healing by secondary intention
larger blood clot filling the gap, much more granulation tissue growing into the clot, contraction due to tighter collagen fibres,
scarring

45
Q

sequence of events in wound healing

A 
injury, blood clot, acute inflammation, fibrin
growth factors and cytokines involved
granulation tissue growth 
angiogenesis 
phagocytosis of fibrin
myofibroblasts move in and lay down collagen 
contraction of scar
re-epithelialisation
46
Q

favouring wound healing

A 
cleanliness
apposition of edges
sound nutrition
metabolic stability and normality 
normal inflammatory and coagulation mechanisms
local mediators are important
47
Q

impaired wound healing

A 
leads to infection
dirty, open wound, large haematoma
poorly nourished
abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes, corticosteroid therapy 
inhibition of angiogenesis
48
Q

fracture healing

A
  • repair bony structures as well as soft tissue
  • trauma, fracture, haematoma
  • dead bone and soft tissue
  • acute inflammation, organisation, granulation tissue, macrophages remove debris
    granulation tissue contains osteoblasts as well as fibroblasts
49
Q

callus formation

A

osteoblasts lay down woven bone
nodules or cartilage present
followed by bone remodelling

50
Q

bone remodelling

A

oestoclasts remove dead bone
progressive replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone
reformation of cortical and trabecular bone

principles of disease (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions