Clinical Procedures - Urinalysis Flashcards by Lauren Keifert

Voided sample pros/cons?

Least complicated
Non-invasive
Contaminated by bacteria
Midstream catch is best

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Benefits of pre-prandial sample?

Most concentrated

Not affected by eating or exercise

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Manual expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis may cause what in sample?

Increased RBC

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Examine urine within how many hours to avoid changes?

Examine within 1 hour, may be refrigerated for up to 6 hours. Sooner the better.

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Room temperature urine is important for which test?

Specific Gravity - makes the line more defined

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Changes in urine at room tempertature?

RBC decrease
Cast decrease
Glucose decrease
Crystals increase
Bacteria increase
pH increases
Turbidity increases

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Diabetes mellitus is caused by what?

Lack of insulin, body is unable to utilize glucose without it.

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Clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?

PU/PD
High SG = High BG
Ketonuria in severe cases

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What species can suddenly reverse diabetes mellitus?

Cats

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Diabetes insipidus is caused by what?

Lack of ADH

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ADH does what?

Reabsorption of water in renal tubules

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Clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?

PU/PD
Normal BG
Colorless urine
Low SG (1.002-1.005)

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Polyuria and polydipsia together are a sign of what?

Both diabetes, nephritis, pyometra, liver disease

also seen with diuretics, corticosteroids, fluids

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Corticosteroid side effects?

Increased urination, eating, and drinking

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Oliguria seen when?

Fever, shock, decreased fluids, heart disease, dehyrdation

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Anuria seen when?

Urinary tract obstruction, death

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Color in urine is due to?

Yellow = Urochromes
Increased SG
Green/brown = bile pigments
Red = blood

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Red urine that after centrifuge is clearly separated indicates what?

Intact RBC = hematuria

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Red urine that after centrifuge is cloudy and colored indicates what?

Hemoglobin = hemoglobinuria

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Cloudy urine is due to what?

Sediment: RBC, WBC, crystals, cells, mucus, fat, casts, bacteria

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Ammonia scented urine indicates?

Urease producing bacteria

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Sweet fruity scented urine indicates?

Ketones = diabetes, acetonemia

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Foam in urine indicates?

Protein.

If greenish - bile.

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Specific Gravity of Plasma?

Isothenuria

SG 1.010-1.012

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Increased SG seen when?

The morning time, decreased water intake, increased excretion of solutes

Decreased SG seen when?

Increased fluid intake, pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver and renal disease, diuretics

High pH is associated with what type of diet?

Plant based

Low pH is associated with what type of diet?

Protein based from animals

Decreased pH caused by?

Fever, starvation, increased proteins, acidosis

Increased pH caused by?

UT infection/obstruction, drugs, alkalosis

Increased protein in urine can be caused by?

Strenuous exercise | Increased protein overall in body

If protein abnormal in urine it is usually caused by?

Urinary tract problems, not systemic

Increased glucose in urine can be caused by?

Hyperglycemia High carbohydrate meal Fear, excitement, restraint

Ketones are formed when?

Fatty acid breakdown due lack of carbohydrate metabolism

Ketonuria is associated with what?

Diabetes mellitus | Ketosis in lactating sheep and cattle

Ketonuria caused by

High fat diet, starvation, fasting, vomiting/diarrhea, liver disease

Hematuria is normal when?

<5 RBC/hpf or during estrus

Squamous epithelial cells are found where?

Urethra and bottom third of bladder - not an indicator of pathology

Transitional (caudate) cells are found where?

Upper portion of bladder, ureter, pelvis of kidney

Transitional cells are significant when?

``` Found in large numbers. Indicates cystitis (inflammation of bladder) ```

Transitional cells look like?

Bouncy and round. Like to hangout in groups. Sometimes look like they have a tail

Renal tubule cells look like?

Small like WBC and have a large nucleus with no granules

Renal tubule cells indicate what?

Active degeneration of tubules.

How many WBC are considered normal in urine?

<10/hpf

Increased RBC in urine indicates?

Pyuria or UTI

What type of bacteria are common in urine?

Gram - | If no WBC with bacteria, it is probably contamination

Examples of artifact in urine?

Hair, fecal matter/parasites, plant, bacteria, fungi

Fat is found in urine in what cases?

Common in cats, lubricants, obsesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroid

What crystals form in alkaline urine?

Triple phosphate (Struvite) Amorphous phosphate Calcium carbonate Uric acid

What crystals form in acidic urine?

Amorphous urates | Calcium oxalate dihydrate (prefer slight acidic but can do neutral to slight alkaline as well)

What crystals form in toxicities?

Leucine and tyrosine crystals form in chloroform and phosphorous toxicities Oxalate monohydrate crystals form in ethylene glycol toxicity

Where are casts formed?

In the renal tubules where acidity is the greatest

What are casts formed of?

Precipitated protein and cells present at formation

Hyaline casts appearance?

Clear, colorless, refractile, cylindrical, parallel sides, smooth rounded ends

Hyaline casts indicate?

Mildest form of renal irritation

Epithelial cellular casts indicates?

Composed of renal epithelial cells - indicates | acute nephritis

Red blood cell cast indicates?

Inflammation in renal tubules

White blood cell casts indicates?

Infectious process in tubules

Granular casts indicate?

Degenerating cellular components or interstitial nephritis

Waxy casts indicate?

Chronic severe degeneration in tubules

Waxy casts appearance?

Wider, squared ends, opaque

Fatty casts appearance?

Small droplets of fat - refractile. Seen in cats with renal disease.

Mucus seen in what species normally?

Horses.

Mucus appearance?

Looks like twisting ribbon. Can be confused with casts.

Bladder worm of cats and dogs?

Capillaria plica

Kidney worm of dogs?

Dioctophyma renale

Kidney worm in pigs?

Stephanurus dentatus (females are larger)

Radiopaque uroliths?

Triple phosphate | Calcium oxalate

Radiolucent uroliths?

Ammonium urate | Cystine

Urate urolith common in what type of dogs?

Dalmatians

Cystine urolith formed because of?

Impaired protein metabolism

Triple phosphate urolith formed because of?

Alkaline urine | Chronic UTI

What urolith have sharp protrusions and cause trauma?

Oxalate