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Pierce Vet Tech > Clinical Procedures - Urinalysis > Flashcards

Clinical Procedures - Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Voided sample pros/cons?

A

Least complicated
Non-invasive
Contaminated by bacteria
Midstream catch is best

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2
Q

Benefits of pre-prandial sample?

A

Most concentrated

Not affected by eating or exercise

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3
Q

Manual expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis may cause what in sample?

A

Increased RBC

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4
Q

Examine urine within how many hours to avoid changes?

A

Examine within 1 hour, may be refrigerated for up to 6 hours. Sooner the better.

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5
Q

Room temperature urine is important for which test?

A

Specific Gravity - makes the line more defined

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6
Q

Changes in urine at room tempertature?

A 
RBC decrease
Cast decrease
Glucose decrease
Crystals increase
Bacteria increase
pH increases
Turbidity increases
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7
Q

Diabetes mellitus is caused by what?

A

Lack of insulin, body is unable to utilize glucose without it.

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8
Q

Clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?

A

PU/PD
High SG = High BG
Ketonuria in severe cases

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9
Q

What species can suddenly reverse diabetes mellitus?

A

Cats

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10
Q

Diabetes insipidus is caused by what?

A

Lack of ADH

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11
Q

ADH does what?

A

Reabsorption of water in renal tubules

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12
Q

Clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?

A

PU/PD
Normal BG
Colorless urine
Low SG (1.002-1.005)

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13
Q

Polyuria and polydipsia together are a sign of what?

A

Both diabetes, nephritis, pyometra, liver disease

also seen with diuretics, corticosteroids, fluids

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14
Q

Corticosteroid side effects?

A

Increased urination, eating, and drinking

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15
Q

Oliguria seen when?

A

Fever, shock, decreased fluids, heart disease, dehyrdation

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16
Q

Anuria seen when?

A

Urinary tract obstruction, death

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17
Q

Color in urine is due to?

A

Yellow = Urochromes
Increased SG
Green/brown = bile pigments
Red = blood

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18
Q

Red urine that after centrifuge is clearly separated indicates what?

A

Intact RBC = hematuria

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19
Q

Red urine that after centrifuge is cloudy and colored indicates what?

A

Hemoglobin = hemoglobinuria

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20
Q

Cloudy urine is due to what?

A

Sediment: RBC, WBC, crystals, cells, mucus, fat, casts, bacteria

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21
Q

Ammonia scented urine indicates?

A

Urease producing bacteria

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22
Q

Sweet fruity scented urine indicates?

A

Ketones = diabetes, acetonemia

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23
Q

Foam in urine indicates?

A

Protein.

If greenish - bile.

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24
Q

Specific Gravity of Plasma?

A

Isothenuria

SG 1.010-1.012

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25
Q

Increased SG seen when?

A

The morning time, decreased water intake, increased excretion of solutes

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26
Q

Decreased SG seen when?

A

Increased fluid intake, pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver and renal disease, diuretics

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27
Q

High pH is associated with what type of diet?

A

Plant based

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28
Q

Low pH is associated with what type of diet?

A

Protein based from animals

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29
Q

Decreased pH caused by?

A

Fever, starvation, increased proteins, acidosis

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30
Q

Increased pH caused by?

A

UT infection/obstruction, drugs, alkalosis

31
Q

Increased protein in urine can be caused by?

A

Strenuous exercise

Increased protein overall in body

32
Q

If protein abnormal in urine it is usually caused by?

A

Urinary tract problems, not systemic

33
Q

Increased glucose in urine can be caused by?

A

Hyperglycemia
High carbohydrate meal
Fear, excitement, restraint

34
Q

Ketones are formed when?

A

Fatty acid breakdown due lack of carbohydrate metabolism

35
Q

Ketonuria is associated with what?

A

Diabetes mellitus

Ketosis in lactating sheep and cattle

36
Q

Ketonuria caused by

A

High fat diet, starvation, fasting, vomiting/diarrhea, liver disease

37
Q

Hematuria is normal when?

A

<5 RBC/hpf or during estrus

38
Q

Squamous epithelial cells are found where?

A

Urethra and bottom third of bladder - not an indicator of pathology

39
Q

Transitional (caudate) cells are found where?

A

Upper portion of bladder, ureter, pelvis of kidney

40
Q

Transitional cells are significant when?

A 
Found in large numbers.
Indicates cystitis (inflammation of bladder)
41
Q

Transitional cells look like?

A

Bouncy and round. Like to hangout in groups. Sometimes look like they have a tail

42
Q

Renal tubule cells look like?

A

Small like WBC and have a large nucleus with no granules

43
Q

Renal tubule cells indicate what?

A

Active degeneration of tubules.

44
Q

How many WBC are considered normal in urine?

A

<10/hpf

45
Q

Increased RBC in urine indicates?

A

Pyuria or UTI

46
Q

What type of bacteria are common in urine?

A

Gram -

If no WBC with bacteria, it is probably contamination

47
Q

Examples of artifact in urine?

A

Hair, fecal matter/parasites, plant, bacteria, fungi

48
Q

Fat is found in urine in what cases?

A

Common in cats, lubricants, obsesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroid

49
Q

What crystals form in alkaline urine?

A

Triple phosphate (Struvite)
Amorphous phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Uric acid

50
Q

What crystals form in acidic urine?

A

Amorphous urates

Calcium oxalate dihydrate (prefer slight acidic but can do neutral to slight alkaline as well)

51
Q

What crystals form in toxicities?

A

Leucine and tyrosine crystals form in chloroform and phosphorous toxicities
Oxalate monohydrate crystals form in ethylene glycol toxicity

52
Q

Where are casts formed?

A

In the renal tubules where acidity is the greatest

53
Q

What are casts formed of?

A

Precipitated protein and cells present at formation

54
Q

Hyaline casts appearance?

A

Clear, colorless, refractile, cylindrical, parallel sides, smooth rounded ends

55
Q

Hyaline casts indicate?

A

Mildest form of renal irritation

56
Q

Epithelial cellular casts indicates?

A

Composed of renal epithelial cells - indicates

acute nephritis

57
Q

Red blood cell cast indicates?

A

Inflammation in renal tubules

58
Q

White blood cell casts indicates?

A

Infectious process in tubules

59
Q

Granular casts indicate?

A

Degenerating cellular components or interstitial nephritis

60
Q

Waxy casts indicate?

A

Chronic severe degeneration in tubules

61
Q

Waxy casts appearance?

A

Wider, squared ends, opaque

62
Q

Fatty casts appearance?

A

Small droplets of fat - refractile. Seen in cats with renal disease.

63
Q

Mucus seen in what species normally?

A

Horses.

64
Q

Mucus appearance?

A

Looks like twisting ribbon. Can be confused with casts.

65
Q

Bladder worm of cats and dogs?

A

Capillaria plica

66
Q

Kidney worm of dogs?

A

Dioctophyma renale

67
Q

Kidney worm in pigs?

A

Stephanurus dentatus (females are larger)

68
Q

Radiopaque uroliths?

A

Triple phosphate

Calcium oxalate

69
Q

Radiolucent uroliths?

A

Ammonium urate

Cystine

70
Q

Urate urolith common in what type of dogs?

A

Dalmatians

71
Q

Cystine urolith formed because of?

A

Impaired protein metabolism

72
Q

Triple phosphate urolith formed because of?

A

Alkaline urine

Chronic UTI

73
Q

What urolith have sharp protrusions and cause trauma?

A

Oxalate

Pierce Vet Tech (9 decks)

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