Clinical Procedures - Urinalysis Flashcards
Voided sample pros/cons?
Least complicated
Non-invasive
Contaminated by bacteria
Midstream catch is best
Benefits of pre-prandial sample?
Most concentrated
Not affected by eating or exercise
Manual expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis may cause what in sample?
Increased RBC
Examine urine within how many hours to avoid changes?
Examine within 1 hour, may be refrigerated for up to 6 hours. Sooner the better.
Room temperature urine is important for which test?
Specific Gravity - makes the line more defined
Changes in urine at room tempertature?
RBC decrease Cast decrease Glucose decrease Crystals increase Bacteria increase pH increases Turbidity increases
Diabetes mellitus is caused by what?
Lack of insulin, body is unable to utilize glucose without it.
Clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
PU/PD
High SG = High BG
Ketonuria in severe cases
What species can suddenly reverse diabetes mellitus?
Cats
Diabetes insipidus is caused by what?
Lack of ADH
ADH does what?
Reabsorption of water in renal tubules
Clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?
PU/PD
Normal BG
Colorless urine
Low SG (1.002-1.005)
Polyuria and polydipsia together are a sign of what?
Both diabetes, nephritis, pyometra, liver disease
also seen with diuretics, corticosteroids, fluids
Corticosteroid side effects?
Increased urination, eating, and drinking
Oliguria seen when?
Fever, shock, decreased fluids, heart disease, dehyrdation
Anuria seen when?
Urinary tract obstruction, death
Color in urine is due to?
Yellow = Urochromes
Increased SG
Green/brown = bile pigments
Red = blood
Red urine that after centrifuge is clearly separated indicates what?
Intact RBC = hematuria
Red urine that after centrifuge is cloudy and colored indicates what?
Hemoglobin = hemoglobinuria
Cloudy urine is due to what?
Sediment: RBC, WBC, crystals, cells, mucus, fat, casts, bacteria
Ammonia scented urine indicates?
Urease producing bacteria
Sweet fruity scented urine indicates?
Ketones = diabetes, acetonemia
Foam in urine indicates?
Protein.
If greenish - bile.
Specific Gravity of Plasma?
Isothenuria
SG 1.010-1.012
Increased SG seen when?
The morning time, decreased water intake, increased excretion of solutes
Decreased SG seen when?
Increased fluid intake, pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver and renal disease, diuretics
High pH is associated with what type of diet?
Plant based
Low pH is associated with what type of diet?
Protein based from animals
Decreased pH caused by?
Fever, starvation, increased proteins, acidosis
Increased pH caused by?
UT infection/obstruction, drugs, alkalosis
Increased protein in urine can be caused by?
Strenuous exercise
Increased protein overall in body
If protein abnormal in urine it is usually caused by?
Urinary tract problems, not systemic
Increased glucose in urine can be caused by?
Hyperglycemia
High carbohydrate meal
Fear, excitement, restraint
Ketones are formed when?
Fatty acid breakdown due lack of carbohydrate metabolism
Ketonuria is associated with what?
Diabetes mellitus
Ketosis in lactating sheep and cattle
Ketonuria caused by
High fat diet, starvation, fasting, vomiting/diarrhea, liver disease
Hematuria is normal when?
<5 RBC/hpf or during estrus
Squamous epithelial cells are found where?
Urethra and bottom third of bladder - not an indicator of pathology
Transitional (caudate) cells are found where?
Upper portion of bladder, ureter, pelvis of kidney
Transitional cells are significant when?
Found in large numbers. Indicates cystitis (inflammation of bladder)
Transitional cells look like?
Bouncy and round. Like to hangout in groups. Sometimes look like they have a tail
Renal tubule cells look like?
Small like WBC and have a large nucleus with no granules
Renal tubule cells indicate what?
Active degeneration of tubules.
How many WBC are considered normal in urine?
<10/hpf
Increased RBC in urine indicates?
Pyuria or UTI
What type of bacteria are common in urine?
Gram -
If no WBC with bacteria, it is probably contamination
Examples of artifact in urine?
Hair, fecal matter/parasites, plant, bacteria, fungi
Fat is found in urine in what cases?
Common in cats, lubricants, obsesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroid
What crystals form in alkaline urine?
Triple phosphate (Struvite)
Amorphous phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Uric acid
What crystals form in acidic urine?
Amorphous urates
Calcium oxalate dihydrate (prefer slight acidic but can do neutral to slight alkaline as well)
What crystals form in toxicities?
Leucine and tyrosine crystals form in chloroform and phosphorous toxicities
Oxalate monohydrate crystals form in ethylene glycol toxicity
Where are casts formed?
In the renal tubules where acidity is the greatest
What are casts formed of?
Precipitated protein and cells present at formation
Hyaline casts appearance?
Clear, colorless, refractile, cylindrical, parallel sides, smooth rounded ends
Hyaline casts indicate?
Mildest form of renal irritation
Epithelial cellular casts indicates?
Composed of renal epithelial cells - indicates
acute nephritis
Red blood cell cast indicates?
Inflammation in renal tubules
White blood cell casts indicates?
Infectious process in tubules
Granular casts indicate?
Degenerating cellular components or interstitial nephritis
Waxy casts indicate?
Chronic severe degeneration in tubules
Waxy casts appearance?
Wider, squared ends, opaque
Fatty casts appearance?
Small droplets of fat - refractile. Seen in cats with renal disease.
Mucus seen in what species normally?
Horses.
Mucus appearance?
Looks like twisting ribbon. Can be confused with casts.
Bladder worm of cats and dogs?
Capillaria plica
Kidney worm of dogs?
Dioctophyma renale
Kidney worm in pigs?
Stephanurus dentatus (females are larger)
Radiopaque uroliths?
Triple phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Radiolucent uroliths?
Ammonium urate
Cystine
Urate urolith common in what type of dogs?
Dalmatians
Cystine urolith formed because of?
Impaired protein metabolism
Triple phosphate urolith formed because of?
Alkaline urine
Chronic UTI
What urolith have sharp protrusions and cause trauma?
Oxalate
